Systematic Review of Visual Motor Integration in Children with Developmental Disabilities

Table 1

Summary of age and visual motor integration performance studies.

Authors	Descriptions	Subjects	Findings
Coutinho et al. [45]	Explored the effectiveness of iPad applications in children four years to seven years old with poor VMI skills	20 children between the ages of four years and seven years 11 months with poor VMI skills	No significant difference was found
Ercan et al. [43]	Utilized the Beery VMI to investigate the VMI skills of children of varying socioeconomic statuses	Children between the ages of 60 months to 72 months from low and high economic status	Children 67 to 72 months and those of high socioeconomic status had better VMI scores
Fang et al. [46]	Utilized the Beery VMI to examine the relationship between motor coordination, visual perception, and executive function to VMI skills	151 children between the ages of four and six years of age	VMI skills of children increased at four years of age and peaked at five years of age
Heiz and Barisnikov [47]	Utilized the Beery VMI to assess the VMI differences between children with Williams syndrome and those of typical development	26 participants with Williams syndrome aged six to 41 years old and 154 children of typical development between the ages of four and 12 years old	Age did not influence ability in the children with Williams syndrome, whereas age was a significant factor for those of typical development
Ng et al. [48]	Utilized the Beery VMI to examine performance differences in preschool children	288 children between three years six months to five years 11 months from 54 preschools	Hong Kong cohort scored significantly better when compared to the normative sample of preschoolers in the United States
Visser et al. [44]	Utilized the Beery VMI to investigate skills of five-year-old English-speaking children who reside in South Africa	68 children between the ages of five years six months to five years 11 months from seven schools	VMI skills of children scored below average in all the subtests, but compared well to the normative sample established in the United States

Note. The abbreviations “Beery VMI” and “VMI” represent the “Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration” and “visual motor integration”, respectively.