Systematic Review of Visual Motor Integration in Children with Developmental Disabilities

Table 2

Summary of gender and visual motor integration performance studies.

Authors	Descriptions	Subjects	Findings
Coallier et al. [52]	Utilized the Beery VMI to assess children in Canada and compare to the norms established United States sample	151 children ages of five to six years old from kindergarten classes in Quebec, Canada	Significant gender difference was found where females obtained higher mean scores than males
Cui et al. [53]	Utilized the Beery VMI to determine VMI performance in Chinese children compared the normative sample established in the United States	365 children ages of three to 12 years old from six public schools in Shanghai, China and Ningbo, China	Gender and residence differences were significantly greater for the Chinese children that were female and from Shanghai
Memisevic and Hadzic [54]	Utilized the Beery VMI to assess the relationship between VMI and articulation disorders in children	286 children ages of three to six years old from public schools in Canton Sarajevo	Significant gender difference was found for both VMI and articulation disorders where males are at a higher risk compared to females
Nicola and Watter [55]	Utilized the Beery VMI to investigate the VMI skills of children four to 14 years old with severe language impairment	100 children ages of four to 14 years old with language scores at least two standard deviations below the mean in Australia	No significant difference in mean performance between males and females; however, children with poor VMI skills also had poor receptive language skills
Singh et al. [56]	Utilized the Beery VMI to investigate the impact of stimulating activities on Haryana children between the ages of two and three years old	100 children between the ages of two and three years old were randomly selected from two Indian villages of Hisar District of Haryana, Gangva as the control and Muklan the experimental group	Initially, there were gender differences favoring females before the stimulating activities intervention; however, males superseded female skills after the intervention

Note. The abbreviations “Beery VMI” and “VMI” represent the “Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration” and “visual motor integration”, respectively.