Individuals with stroke, aged between 25 and 75 years, for at least 6 months
Not informed Location: California, San Francisco
Exp RT = robotic therapy unilateral (; age 54.2 (SD 20.5); gender 1 F/4 M) Exp RT = robotic therapy bilateral (; age 65.2 (SD 5.4); gender 0 F/5 M) OI = task-specific repetitive training with a physical therapist (; age 59.3 (SD 6.8); gender 1 F/5 M)
Exp RT = robotic therapy unilateral Exp RT = robotic therapy bilateral OI = task-specific repetitive training with a physical therapist
Adults with a diagnosis of chronic stroke, aged ≥18 years
Community-dwelling adults Location: not informed
Exp RT = robotic therapy planar (; age 57 (SD 12; gender 9 F/11 M) Exp RT = robotic therapy combined planar with vertical (; age 60 (SD 13); gender 8 F/10 M) OI = intensive conventional arm exercise program (; age 56 (SD 6.3); gender 9 F/10 M)
Exp RT = robotic therapy planar Exp RT = robotic therapy combined planar with vertical OI = intensive conventional arm exercise program
Exp RT =60 min/session; Exp RT =30 min planar robot+30 min vertical robot/session; OI =60 min/session;
Participation = Stroke Impact Scale (version 3.0) subscore mobility range 0-100 Follow-up = postintervention and 12 weeks later (short term)
Three Belgian inpatient rehabilitation centers: Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc (Brussels), Centre Hospitalier Valida (Brussels), and Centre Hospitalier Neurologique William Lennox (Ottignies) Location: Belgium
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+conventional therapy (; age 67.3 (SD 11.1); gender 12 F/11 M) OI = conventional therapy (; age 68.6 (SD 19.1); gender 12 F/10 M)
Patients with chronic stroke for at least 6 months, aged ≥18 years
Four clinical centers in Switzerland (Uniklinik Balgrist, Reha Rheinfelden, Zentrum für Ambulante Rehabilitation Zürich, and Zürcher Höhenklinik Wald) Location: Switzerland
Exp RT = robotic therapy (; age 55 (SD 13); gender 17 F/21 M) OI = conventional therapy (; age 58 (SD 14); gender 10 F/25 M)
Exp RT = robotic therapy OI = conventional therapy
Exp RT =45 min/session; OI =45 min/session;
Quality of life = Stroke Impact Scale total (version 2.0) range 0-100 Follow-up = 8 and 34 weeks after the start of intervention (short term)
Patients with subacute stroke, 3 to 9 months poststroke
Recruited from Emory University and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Location: Cleveland, United States
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+repetitive task practice (; age 61.9 (SD 13.4); gender 5 F/5 M) OI = repetitive task practice (; age 51 (SD 11.3); gender 2 F/5 M)
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+repetitive task practice OI = repetitive task practice
Exp RT add = robotic therapy 30 h+repetitive task practice 30 h; 3/wk OI =60 h; 3/wk
Participation = Stroke Impact Scale subscore social participation range 0-100 Follow-up = postintervention and 8 weeks later (short term)
Patients with stroke for at least 6 months, who were 18 years of age or older
Recruited veterans from four participating veterans affairs medical centers Location: United States
Exp RT = robotic therapy (; age 66 (SD 11); gender 2 F/47 M) OI = intensive comparison therapy (; age 64 (SD 11); gender 2 F/48 M) MI = usual care (; age 63 (SD 12); gender 1 F/27 M)
Exp RT = robotic therapy OI = intensive comparison therapy MI = usual care (i.e., medical management and clinic visits as needed)
Exp RT =60 min/session, OI =60 min/session
Quality of life = Stroke Impact Scale total (version 3.0) range 0-100 Follow-up =12 and 36 weeks after randomization (short term)
MIT-MANUS Unilateral Shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand
Volunteers with stroke, for at least 12 months, aged between 21 and 75 years
Volunteers were recruited using approved advertisements distributed to local stroke support groups and outpatient rehabilitation clinics Location: not informed
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+repetitive task practice (; age 59 (SD 12.9); gender 5 F/3 M) OI = repetitive task practice (; age 58.5 (SD 9.5); gender 0 F/8 M)
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+repetitive task practice OI = repetitive task practice
Exp RT add =60 min/session; OI =60 min/session;
Participation = Stroke Impact Scale subscore social participation range 0-100 Follow-up = 1 week postintervention (short term)
Volunteers with stroke aged at least 18 years with moderate or severe upper limb functional limitation, between 1 week and 5 years after their first stroke
Participants were recruited from stroke units, outpatient clinics, day hospitals, community rehabilitation services, local stroke clubs, and primary care of four National Health Service (NHS) centers in the United Kingdom Location: United Kingdom
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+usual care (; age 59.9 (SD 13.5); gender 101 F/156 M) OI = conventional therapy enhanced upper limb therapy+usual care (; age 59.4 (SD 14.3); gender 100 F/159 M) OI = usual care (; age 62.5 (SD 12.5); gender 101 F/153 M)
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+usual care OI = conventional therapy enhanced upper limb therapy (EULT) program based on repetitive functional task practice+usual care OI = usual care
Exp RT =45 min/session; OI =45 min/session; OI = received usual NHS care, which was provided by their local clinical service
Quality of life = Stroke Impact Scale total (version 3.0) range 0-100 Follow-up = postintervention and 12 weeks later (short term)
MIT-Manus robotic Gym (shoulder-elbow module, wrist module, and hand module integrated on to the shoulder-elbow module) Unilateral
Patients with chronic stroke for at least 8 months, aged between 18 and 85 years
Recruited from Adelante Rehabilitation Centre (Hoensbroek, NL) Location: Netherlands
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+task-oriented training method (; age 61.8 (SD 6.8); gender 3 F/8 M) OI = arm-hand training program (; age 56.8 (SD 6.4); gender 3 F/8 M)
Exp RT add = robotic therapy+task-oriented training method OI = arm-hand training program
Exp RT add =30 min/session; OI =30 min/session;
Quality of life = SF-36 subscore physical health range 0-100 Follow-up = 8 and 24 weeks after the start of intervention (medium term)
Individuals with unilateral chronic stroke, for at least 6 months
Not informed Location: not informed
Exp RT = robotic therapy bilateral arm training (; age 55.13 (SD 12.72); gender 4 F/10 M) OI = therapist-based bilateral arm training (; age 57.04 (SD 8.78); gender 2 F/12 M) OI = conventional therapy (; age 51.30 (SD 6.23); gender 4 F/10 M)
Exp RT = robotic therapy bilateral arm training OI = therapist-based bilateral arm training OI = conventional therapy
Exp RT = 90-105 min/session; OI = 90-105 min/session; OI =90-105 min/session;
Quality of life = Stroke Impact Scale total range 0-100 Follow-up = postintervention (short term)
Bi-Manu-Track Bilateral Forearm and wrist
= sample size; SD = standard deviation; exp = experimental group; N/A = not available; M = masculine; F = feminine; RT = robot-assisted therapy; add = additional; OI = other intervention; wk = week(s); yr = year(s); min = minutes; h = hours.
