Design: CT not randomized To investigate the effect of MI training with sensory feedback on sensory-motor function of the upper extremity in patients with chronic stroke
Design: RCT Evaluated motor function of the upper extremity and investigated neural plastic changes before and after treatment using diffusion tensor imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation
Stage: subacute : 20 (IG): 10 (CG): 10
IG: 45 min traditional rehabilitation CG: 45 min traditional rehabilitation Assessment: baseline, posttreatment
FMA-UE ARAT TMS
Better score in ARAT for IG (6.48) Significant improvement in FMA-UE for IG (4.7)
Design: RCT To evaluate whether combining MP with physical practice training enhances hand function in patients with stroke
Stage: subacute : 20 (IG): 10 (CG): 10
IG: 45 min with 5 min rest between 2 ss PM-IM CG: 45 min Bobath Assessment: baseline, posttreatment
ARAT fMRI Activated voxels of SMC
Significant difference in both groups for ARAT () Significant improvement between pre- and posttreatment () Increase in ARAT of 12.65 for IG and 5.20 for CG
Design: RCT To investigate the adjuvant effects of MP using an inverse video of the unaffected limb in subacute stroke patients with severe motor impairment on motor improvement, functional outcomes, and activities of daily living
Stage: subacute
IG: MP inverse video of the unaffected limb CG: 30 min rehabilitation Assessment: baseline, 4 wk
FMA-UE MFT FIM
No significant differences in all outcomes between groups Significant differences in FMA-UE and FIM posttreatment in both groups
Design: RCT To determine whether the imagery perspective used during MP differentially influenced performance outcomes after stroke
Stage: chronic
IGint: internal perception IGext: external perception CG: imagery training Assessment: baseline and posttreatment
FMA-UE JTTHF COPM
Significant improvement in IGint and IGext Significant improvement in all the groups for COPM () Improvement in FMA for all groups, but only significant for IGint ( 5 9.6, SEM 5 1.03) and IGext ( 5 10.6, SEM 5 2.94) For self-perception of performance, COPM mean improve (): CG 12.3 (SEM 5 3.86), IGint 13.2 (SEM 5 3.09), IGext 15.6 (SEM 5 3.79)
No significant differences between groups during assessment of effect and treatment period No significant differences in comparisons between groups analyzing 3D movement and comparisons between groups on rating scales
Design: RCT To evaluate the effectiveness of a task-oriented MP approach as an addition to regular arm-hand therapy in patients with subacute stroke
Stage: subacute
Training: IG: conventional instruction video CG: program Assessment: baseline, posttreatment, 3 follow-ups for 1 year and 12 months
FMA-UE FAT WMFT Accelerometry
Improvement on FMA-UE and WMFT in both groups Significant improvement on FAT test posttreatment and maintain during 12 months on IG No significant differences between groups on training effect
Design: RCT To identify the targets for MI in stroke rehabilitation from a voxel-based whole brain analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Significant improvement for IG in FMA-UE (CG: , IG: ,) Positive correlation between slow-5 band in the ipsilesional IPL and FM-UE Different alternative for functional connectivity in IG for ipsilesional IPL that correlated positively with FM-UL MI rehabilitation efficiency was associated with an increased slow-5 band and impaired functional connectivity in ipsilesional IPL
2PT: 2-Point Test; ADL: activities of daily living; AFT: Arm Functional Test; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; AO: Action-Observation; BBT: Box and Blocks Test; CG: control group; COPM: Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; d: days; CT: clinical trial; FAT: Frenchay Arm Test; FMA-UE: Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity; FIM: Functional Independence Measure; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; IG: Intervention Group; JTHFT: Jebsen and Taylor Hand Function Test; MAL: Motor Activity Log; MAL AOU: Motor Activity Log Amount of Use; MAL QOM: Motor Activity Log Quality of Movement; m: month; MAS: Modified Ashworth Scale; mBI: modified Barthel Index; MCID: Minimal Clinically Important Difference; MFT: Motor Function Test; MI: motor imagery; min: minutes; MP: mental practice; : number; NSA: Nottingham Sensory Assessment; PG: Placebo Group; PPT: Purde-Pegboard Test; pt: points; RCT: randomized clinical trial; ROM: Range Of Movement; SIS: Stroke Impact Scale; ss: sessions; : time; TMS: Transcraneal Magnetic Stimulation; WMFT: Wolf Motor Function Test; wk: weeks.