Diagnostic Accuracy of Predictive Models in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Baseline characteristics for studies included in meta-analysis.

ID	Author Name	Country	WHO region	Sample size	Mean age/range/median	AUC	Model content	Score	Model name
1	Ankerst et al. [17]	USA	Americas	575	63.4	0.69 (0.65–0.74)	Total PSA; Family history; DRE; Free PSA	7	Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator (PCPTRC) model
						0.64 (0.65–0.74)	Total PSA; Family history; DRE; Free PSA; [-2] Pro PSA
2	Boesen et al. [14]	Denmark	Europe	876	65	0.89 (0.87–0.92)	Age; PSA density; cTDRE; bpMRI	8	Advanced imaging model
						0.78 (0.75–0.82)	PSA; cTDRE		Baseline model
						0.84 (0.81–0.86)	bpMRI		Imaging model
						0.85 (0.83–0.88)	Age; PSA density; cTDRE		Advanced model
3	Dwivedi et al. [15]	India	Southeast Asia	137	65	0.66 (NA)	Age; ADC; PSA; Metabolic ratio	9	Original
						0.78 (NA)	Age; ADC; PSA; Metabolic ratio; DW-MRI		Original
						0.83 (NA)	Age; ADC; PSA; Metabolic ratio; MRSI		Original
						0.89 (0.83–0.95)	Age; ADC; PSA; Metabolic ratio; mpMRI (MRSI +  DW-MRI)		Developed; model
4	Foley et al. [18]	Ireland	Europe	250	63.7	0.71 (0.64–0.77)	Age at biopsy; Abnormality on DRE; Family history; Previous negative biopsy; Total PSA; Free PSA; p2PSA	7	Predicting PHI
						0.62 (0.55–0.69)	Age at biopsy; Abnormality on DRE; Family history; Previous negative biopsy; PSA		Predicting PSA
5	Nam et al. [19]	Canada	Americas	2130	Median age 63	0.67 (0.65–0.69)	Age; Family history; Ethnicity; Urinary voiding Symptom score; DRE; PSA; free: total PSA ratio	8	Sunnybrook nomogram-based prostate cancer risk calculator (SRC)
						0.61 (0.59–0.64)	Age; Family history; Ethnicity; DRE; PSA		Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)-based risk calculator (PRC)
6	Roffman et al. [20]	USA	Americas	1672	67	0.73 (0.71–0.75)	Age; BMI; Diabetes status; Smoking status; Emphysema; Asthma; Race; Ethnicity; Hypertension; Heart disease; Exercise habits; History of stroke	9	Multi parameterized artificial neural network (ANN)
7	Roobol et al. [21]	Netherland	Europe	3580	68	Low-risk PCa; 0.70 (0.68–0.72)	Age; PSA (class via; DRE); Abnormal DRE; Prostate volume	9	DRE-model
						Low-risk PCa; 0.73 (0.70–0.75)	PSA; Age; Abnormal DRE; Prostate volume; Abnormal TRUS		TRUS model
8	Roobol et al. [16]	Netherlands	Europe	740	Median age 61	0.77 (0.73–0.81)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Prior biopsy	8	GOTEBORG-R1; cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				740	Median age 61	0.71 (0.67–0.76)	PSA; DRE; Prior biopsy		GOTEBORG-R1; cohort; PSA DRE-model
				1241	Median age 63	0.60 (0.57–0.64)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Prior Biopsy		GOTEBORG-R2–6; cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				1241	Median age 63	0.56 (0.52–0.60)	PSA; DRE; Prior biopsy		GOTEBORG-R2–6 cohort; PSA DRE-model
				2895	Median age 66	0.74 (0.72–0.79)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Prior biopsy; Family history		ROTTERDAM-R1; cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				1494	Median age 67	0.65 (0.62–0.69)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Prior biopsy; Family history		ROTTERDAM-R2-3 cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				1494	Median age 67	0.60 (0.57–0.63)	PSA; DRE; Prior biopsy; Family history		ROTTERDAM-R2-3 cohort; PSA DRE-model
				2631	Median age 64	0.66 (0.64–0.68)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Biopsy Gleason grade; Family history; African origin; Prior biopsy		CCF cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				2631	Median age 64	0.62 (0.60–0.64)	PSA; DRE; Biopsy Gleason grade; Family history; African origin; Prior biopsy		CCF cohort; PSA DRE-model
				4199	Median age 63	0.72 (0.70–0.73)	PSA; DRE; Prostate volume; Prior biopsy		Tyrol cohort; DRE vol-RC model
				4199	Median age 63	0.67 (0.65–0.69)	PSA; DRE; Prior biopsy		Tyrol cohort; PSA DRE-model

Abbreviations. PSA: prostate-specific antigen, DRE: digital rectal examination, PCPTRC: prostate cancer prevention trial risk calculator, PRC: prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT)-based risk calculator, ANN: artificial neural network, TRUS: transrectal ultrasound, DW-MRI: diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, BMI: body mass index, SRC: Sunnybrook nomogram–based prostate cancer risk calculator, MRSI: magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, ADC: apparent diffusion coefficients, and PHI: prostate health index.