Prostate Cancer

Research Article

The Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Characteristics of Brain Metastases in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis methods in PCa patients presenting with BMs.
AuthorYear of publicationType of studiesTotal sample sizeAll reported clinical manifestations from all the patientsDiagnostic methodsReference
Sena et al.2021Case report1Confusion, expressive aphasia, impaired coordination of his right handPSA, MRI, multispectral immunofluorescence, IHC, and DNA sequencing[36]
Pikis et al.2021Case series46Neurological symptomsPSA[37]
Parihar et al.2021Case report1Any neurologic or visual symptomsPSA and PET/CT[38]
Hung et al.2021Retrospective study204—PSA[39]
Son et al.2020Case report1Headache, weakness, and unintentional weight lossPSA, brain CT, brain MRI, and bone scan[30]
Shida et al.2020Case report3Headache, nausea, double vision, and aphasiaPSA, brain CT, and brain MRI[29]
Saadatpour et al.2020Case report1Afebrile and unresponsiveBrain CT[41]
Ross et al.2020Case report1No neurological symptomsPSA, brain CT, brain MRI, and bone scan[28]
Marchand Crety et al.2020Case report1No neurological symptomsPSA, prostate biopsy, and brain MRI[27]
Liu et al.2020Case report1Weakness, loss of appetite, and chronic multiple bone and joint painPSA, brain CT scan, brain MRI, and CSF analysis[26]
Janda et al.2020Case report1Headache, vomiting, and decreased visual acuityBrain CT scan, brain MRI, and PSA[24]
Bhambhvani et al.2020Retrospective cohort31Headache, delirium, weakness, cranial nerve palsy, visual field cut, ataxia, and seizures—[13]
Aljarba et al.2020Case report1Headache, dizziness, and upper and lower limb weaknessBrain CT scan, brain MRI, PSA, IHC, and CSF analysis[32]
Ahmad et al.2020Case report1Headache, right-sided facial pain, intermittent diplopia in the right eye, and partial right third nerve palsyBrain CT, blood test, MRI, CT thorax, abdomen and pelvis, PSA, prostate biopsy, and IHC[43]
Kosaka et al.2019Case report1Reduced motivationPSA, brain CT scan, brain MRI, and biopsy[23]
Kanyilmaz et al.2019Retrospective cohort339Headache and hemiparesisPSA, brain MRI, brain CT, and histopathology[44]
Ishizaki et al.2019Case report1Dizziness and gross hematuriaPSA, brain MRI, brain CT, and DRE[22]
Hogan et al.2019Case report1Confusion, visual disturbances,Brain CT scan, ETV, biopsy, and PSA[45]
Zanatta et al.2018Case report1double vision, holocranial headache, 6th cranial nerve paresis, and 5th cranial nerve paresthesiaPSA, MRI, multispectral immunofluorescence and IHC, and DNA sequencing,[46]
Reinas et al.2018Case report1Headache and confusionPSA, bone scintigraphy, CT scan of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis, and MRI[47]
Nunno et al.2018Case report1Mental status, restlessness, headache, nausea, and vomiting, gait unsteadiness, unresponsive, and mumbling incomprehensible wordsBrain CT[48]
Jack et al.2018Case report1Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, diaphoresis, and hemianopsia,PSA, MRI, and biopsy[49]
Campagna and Feia2018Case report1Falls, memory deficits, and weight lossPSA, brain MRI, and brain CT[21]
Watanabe et al.2017Case report1Back pain, headache, and nauseaCT, PSA, biopsy, bone scintigraphy, contrast-enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis[20]
Lam et al.2017Case report2DysphasiaPSA, brain MRI, brain CT, and biopsy[19]
Chang et al.2017Case report1Memory loss, delusions, and dementiaPSA, brain MRI, brain CT, IHC, and biopsy[18]
Guraya et al.2016Case report1Confusion, altered mental status, urinary frequency, occasional incontinence, and difficulty urinatingCT, PSA, and brain MRI[50]
Barakat et al.2016Case report1Dizziness, mild dysphagia, and imbalancePSA, brain MRI, and brain CT[17]
Mandaliya et al.2015Case report2Right-sided facial palsy, dysarthria, and hemiparesis,CT scan, MRI, blood tests, and PSA[51]
Hutton et al.2015Case report1Bony pain, lower limb weakness, collapse, increased tone, and hematuriaPSA, bone scan, MRI, and brain CT[16]
Gajewska et al.2015Case report1—PET/CT scan, PSA, MRI, and bone scintigraphy[15]
Craig et al.2015Case report1Increased urinary frequency, headaches, unsteady gait, and memory lossDRE, PSA, transrectal ultrasonography, CT, chest radiography, MRI, IHC[14]
Hatzoglou et al.2014Retrospective cohort21—and MRI[10]
Placido et al.2014Case report3—PSA and MRI[52]
Hazell et al.2013Case report4Weakness, seizure, ataxia, back pain, confusion, headache, dysarthria, and expressive dysphasiaMRI, PSA, bone scan, and brain CT[53]
Caffo et al.2013Cohort490/9—Brain CT and MRI[54]
Caffo et al.2012Case series22Headache, confusion, coma, and hypostheniaBrain CT and MRI[55]
Flannery et al.2010Case series10Headaches, visual deterioration, seizures, diplopia, facial weakness, and confusionPSA and MRI[56]
Yamada et al.2009Case report1Back pain, headache, frequent vomiting, a decreased level of consciousness, his condition deteriorated quicklyBiopsy, PSA, progastrin-releasing peptide, brain MRI, and CSF[57]
Sweets et al.2009Case report1Palpable prostate, and grand mal seizurePSA, abdomen and pelvis CT, prostaScint scan, brain MRI, and PAP[58]
Kim, S. H.2008Case series?? Pros?5Headache, memory deficit, hemiparesis, visual field deficits, ataxia, dysphasia, and seizurePSA, volumetric axial, and contrast-enhanced T1 scan[59]
Grenader et al.2007Case report1Confusion and behavioral changesBrain CT and MRI, PSA, and histology[60]
Lyons et al.2006Case report1Left-sided headache, right hemiparesis, and partial epilepsyBrain CT, cerebral angiography, and biopsy[61]
Wullich et al.2004Case report2Neurologic alterationsPSA, brain MRI, axial T1-weighted scan, and histopathology[62]
Schoenwaelder et al.2004Case report1Worsening headaches, mild nausea and vomiting, mild gait ataxia, brisk reflexes, and upgoing plantar reflex on the rightPSA, brain CT, MRI, and whole body bone scan[63]
Tremont-Lukats et al.2003Case series103Headaches, delirium, memory deficits, diplopia, with III, IV, or VI CN palsies, VII and other lower CN neuropathies, hemiparesis, visual field cuts, aphasia, seizures, ataxia, and asymptomaticCytology, MRI, and CT myelography[9]
Erasmus et al.2002Case report1Homonymous hemianopsia,PSA, prostate biopsy, brain CT and MRI, and histological examination[64]
Minami et al.2001Case report1Dysarthria and hemiplegiaPSA, intravenous pyelography and urethrocystography, brain CT, and MRI[65]
Behrens et al.2001Case report1Personality change, forgetfulness and episodic confusion, and slow gait and inability to tandem-walkPSA, brain MRI and CT, and histopathology[66]
Garcia-Morales et al.2000Case report1Slight memory deficitBone scan, brain MRI and CT, 111In-ProstaScint scan, tomography images, and histopathology[67]
Fervenza et al.2000Case report1Confusion, nausea, unresponsiveness, headache, unsteadiness, and mild muscle weaknessPSA and brain MRI[68]
Hayashi et al.1998Case report1AsymptomaticPSA, histology, and brain CT[69]
Zhang et al.1997Case report1Transient attack of unconsciousnessPSA, biopsy, CT, and histopathology[70]
Leibman et al.1995Case report2Rapid deterioration, dementia, rigidity and disorientation, and difficulty with walkingPSA, PAP, biopsy, brain CT and MRI, and bone scan[71]
Bland et al.1992Case report1Seizures, left cheek pain, left orbital pain, periorbital swelling, diplopia, proptosis of the left eye, chemosis and lateral periorbital edema, poor short-term memory, diplopia, limitation of all extraocular movements of the left eye, a diminished left corneal reflex, and mild right hemiparesis.Brain CT, histopathology, PAP, PSA, and bone scan[72]
Lynes et al.1986Case report2Headaches, gait disturbances, incoordination, memory loss, and lethargy, lateral gaze nystagmus, papilledema, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and motor incoordination, and rapidly progressive dementiaBrain CT, biopsy, diethylstilbestrol/lumbar puncture, and EEG[73]
Sarma et al.1983Case report4Left hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and continued deteriorationBrain CT[74]
Prostate specific antigen (PSA); brain computed tomography (CT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); positron emission tomography (PET); cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); digital rectal examination (DRE); immunohistochemistry (IHC); endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV); prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP); electroencephalogram (EEG).