Prostate Cancer

Research Article

The Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Characteristics of Brain Metastases in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Therapeutic approaches and prognosis status of PCa patients having BMs.
AuthorYear of publicationType of studiesTotal sample sizeTreatmentsPrognosisOverall survival time after the diagnosis of BMReference
Sena et al.2021Case report1Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy, abiraterone, prednisone, pembrolizumab, dexamethasone, craniotomy, brain-directed radiotherapy, and docetaxel chemotherapyPassed away—[36]
Pikis et al.2021Case series46Prostatectomy, adjuvant radiation therapy, SRS, craniotomy, WBRT, and ADTsPassed away1 year and 8 months[37]
Parihar et al.2021Case report1Docetaxel, cabazitaxel, enzalutamide, LuPSMA radioligand therapy, alpha therapy, and Ac-PSMA,Survived—[38]
Hung et al.2021Retrospective study204Docetaxel, AA, enzalutamid, and cabazitaxel——[39]
Boxley et al.2021Retrospective study29ADTs, enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel——[40]
Son et al.2020Case report1Bicalutamide, degarelix, leuprorelin, WBRT, chemotherapy, and craniotomy——[30]
Shida et al.2020Case report3Bicalutamide, degarelix, brachytherapy, and WBRT3 passed away1/3/5 months[29]
Ross et al.2020Case report1craniotomySurvived—[28]
Nguyen et al.2020Retrospective cohort21WBRTPassed away2/3/6 months[42]
Marchand Crety et al.2020Case report1Hormone therapy, prostatic radiotherapy, docetaxel, and chemotherapySurvived—[27]
Liu et al.2020Case report1Dexamethasone and palliative carePassed away5 months[26]
Janda et al.2020Case report1Complete androgen blocking, GnRH analog, and nonsteroidal antiandrogen, chemotherapy with analgesic radiotherapyPassed away1 year and 8 months[24]
Bhambhvani et al.2020Retrospective cohort31Stereotactic radiosurgery and surgical resectionPassed away4.6/13 months[13]
Aljarba et al.2020Case report1ADTs, surgery, and palliative carePassed away43 days[32]
Ahmad et al.2020Case report1Thyroxine (steroid replacement), exposure therapy, testosterone replacement, and bicalutamide, radiotherapySurvived—[43]
Kosaka et al.2019Case report1Craniotomy and ADTs, chemotherapy——[23]
Kanyilmaz et al.2019Retrospective cohort339WBRT and radiotherapyPassed away4.5 months[44]
Ishizaki et al.2019Case report1ADTs and WBRT——[22]
Hogan et al.2019Case report1SRSSurvived—[45]
Zanatta et al.2018Case report1Cerebellopontine angle microsurgerySurvived—[46]
Reinas et al.2018Case report1External beam radiotherapy, bicalutamide, right parietal craniotomy, and luteinizing——[47]
Nunno et al.2018Case report1Craniotomy——[48]
Jack et al.2018Case report1Zoladex, casodex, docetaxel, lupron, ketoconazole, lupron therapy, and WBRTPassed away3 months[49]
Campagna and Feia2018Case report1Craniotomy with biopsy and SRS——[21]
Watanabe et al.2017Case report1Androgen blockade therapy, denosumab, docetaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone, and cabazitaxelSurvived—[20]
Lam et al.2017Case report2Near-total excision surgerySurvived—[19]
Chang et al.2017Case report1Dexamethasone, SRS, excision and orchiectomy, and left subcapsular orchiectomy——[18]
Guraya et al.2016Case report1Dexamethasone, steroid injection, levetiracetam, craniotomy, and radiation therapyPassed away12 months[50]
Barakat et al.2016Case report1Tumor resection, SRS, craniotomy, and ADTsSurvived—[17]
Mandaliya et al.2015Case report2Stereotactic craniotomy, WBRT, and ADTsSurvived—[51]
Hutton et al.2015Case report1DexamethasonePassed away—[16]
Gajewska et al.2015Case report1Cabazitaxel——[15]
Craig et al.2015Case report1Radiotherapy, ADTs, craniotomy, dexamethasone, WBRT, bicalutamide, abiraterone, and prednisonePassed away—[14]
Hatzoglou et al.2014Retrospective cohort21—Passed away2.8 months[10]
Placido et al.2014Case report3Luteinizing, complete androgen blockage, bicalutamide, prostatectomy and radiation therapy, ADTs, docetaxel, abiraterone, and cabazitaxel2 passed away, 1 survived—[52]
Hazell et al.2013Case report4ADTs, radiation therapy, craniotomy, WBRT, docetaxel, prednisone, and zoledronic acidPassed away—[53]
Caffo et al.2013Cohort9Castration-resistantdocetaxel-based chemotherapy, and surgery——[54]
Caffo et al.2012Case series22Undergone docetaxel-based treatment, surgery, WBRT, gamma knife, chemotherapy with docetaxel and mitoxantrone, and radiotherapy20 passed away4 months[55]
Flannery et al.2010Case series10ADTs, WBRT, SRS, and gamma knife9 passed away2–23 months[56]
Yamada et al.2009Case report1GnRH, cisplatin plus etoposide, and combined therapy with carboplatin plus irinotecanSurvived—[57]
Sweets et al.2009Case report1Chemotherapy with doxorubicin, vinblastine, nilutamide, leuprolide, prostatectomy, salvage three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and craniotomySurvived—[58]
Kim et al.2008Case series5Gamma knife SRS and WBRT4 passed away10 months[59]
Grenader et al.2007Case report1Dexamethasone, phenytoin, palliative radiotherapy, antiandrogen agent, bicalutamide, subcutaneous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist goserelin, zoledronic acid, and craniotomySurvived—[60]
Lyons et al.2006Case report1Prostatectomy, dexamethasone, phenytoin, craniotomy and resection of tumor, and external beam radiotherapy to the brain, casodex and lupron therapySurvived—[61]
Wullich et al.2004Case report2Bilateral orchiectomy, fosfestrol, transurethral resection, craniotomy, and WBRTPassed away1-2 month[62]
Schoenwaelder et al.2004Case report1Dexamethasone, phenytoin, posterior fossa craniectomy, insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus, oral antiandrogen therapy, and palliative radiotherapyPassed away4 months[63]
Tremont-Lukats et al.2003Case series103Supportive care and SRSPassed away1 month[9]
Erasmus et al.2002Case report1Hormonal therapy(cyproterone acetate), craniotomy, and radiation therapyPassed away—[64]
Minami et al.2001Case report1Transurethral resection of prostate, hormone therapy with goserelin acetate and flutamide, and intermittent arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin and pirarubicinPassed awayLess than 1 month[65]
Behrens et al.2001Case report1Dexamethasone, phenytoin, craniotomy——[66]
Garcia-Morales et al.2000Case report1chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and craniotomy——[67]
Fervenza et al.2000Case report1WBRT, SRS, craniotomy, and ADTsSurvived—[68]
Hayashi et al.1998Case report1Prostatectomy and craniotomySurvived—[69]
Zhang et al.1997Case report1Prostatectomy, ifosfamide, local radiation therapy, and craniotomyPassed away19 months[70]
Leibman et al.1995Case report2Hormonal therapy (leuprolide and flutamide) and chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate), and WBRTPassed away—[71]
Bland et al.1992Case report1Radiation therapy and bilateral orchiectomySurvived—[72]
Lynes et al.1986Case report2WBRT, suboccipital craniotomy, bilateral orchiectomy, doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin), and frontal craniotomy1 survived, 1 passed away9 months[73]
Sarma et al.1983Case report4Transurethral resection and bilateral orchiectomyPassed away—[74]
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS); whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT); antiandrogen deprivation therapies (ADTs); abiraterone acetate (AA); gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).