Research Article
Feasibility of Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Pain in Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Table 2
Characteristics of the sample.
| | Characteristic | Overall | Active with Daily Data | Sham with Daily Data |
| | Demographic Information | | | | | Age at study entry (mean SD) | 72.4 8.0 | 74.7 7.8 | 74.4 8.3 | | Gender— (%) | | | | | Male | 15 (78.9) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (85.7) | | Female | 4 (21.1) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (14.3) | | Race/Ethnicity— (%) | | | | | Caucasian | 15 (78.9) | 5 (83.3) | 6 (85.7) | | African American | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | | Hispanic | 3 (15.8) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (14.3) | Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS)
(mean SD) | 32.8 3.1 | 32.5 3.9 | 34.1 2.0 | | Parkinson’s Disease Information | | | | | Age when diagnosed with PD (mean SD) | 62.6 11.1 | 59.5 12.4 | 69.2 9.4 | | Time since diagnosis at study entry (mean SD) | 10.6 8.6 | 15.2 12.9 | 5.2 2.4 | | Hoehn and Yahr stage of PD— (%) | | | | | 1.5 Unilateral disease with axial involvement | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (14.3) | | 2.0 Bilateral disease without impairment of balance | 6 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | | 2.5 Mild bilateral disease with recovery on pull test | 5 (26.3) | 4 (66.7) | 1 (14.3) | 3.0 Mild to moderate bilateral disease, some postural
instability, physically independent | 6 (31.6) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (42.9) | 4.0 Severe disability, still able to walk or stand
unassisted | 1 (5.3) | 1(16.7) | 0 (0.0) | Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
(mean ± SD) | | | | | Mentation, Behavior, and Mood (maximum score ) | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.9 | | Activities of Daily Living (maximum score ) | 14.3 ± 5.1 | 14.7 ± 5.2 | 14.4 ± 5.0 | | Motor Exam (maximum score ) | 28.5 ± 12.7 | 27.3 ± 11.2 | 26.4 ± 12.6 | | UPDRS Total Score (maximum score ) | 47.5 ± 18.1 | 46.2 ± 15.5 | 46.1 ± 17.0 | | Complications of Therapy (maximum score ) | 2.5 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.3 |
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PD: Parkinson’s disease; SD: standard deviation.
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