Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease

Figure 1

Neural circuitry relevant to micturition. PAG, periaqueductal gray; LC, locus ceruleus; NBM, nucleus basalis Meynert; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; MPOA, medial preoptic area; A, adrenergic/noradrenergic; ZI, zona incerta; VTA, ventral tegmental area; SNC, substantia nigra pars compacta; DLTN, dorsolateral tegmental nucleus; PBN, parabrachial nucleus; IML, intermediolateral cell column; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; T, thoracic; L, lumbar; S, sacral. See text.