Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Table 2

Demographics and clinical characteristics of PD participants by group: without cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia.

	PD	PD		Statistic (𝐹 or 𝜒^2); 𝑃  value
	No cognitive	Mild cognitive	PD  dementia
	impairment	impairment	(PDD; 𝑛=25)
	(PD-NC; 𝑛=54)	(PD-MCI; 𝑛=48)
	Mean (SD) or 𝑛 (%)
Demographics
Age (years)	58.11 (9.87)	68.63 (8.39)	75.58 (7.47)	23.30; <0.001^a, b,  c
Male gender 𝑛 (%)	38 (71.7)	34 (70.83)	13 (52.0)	3.05; 0.22
Married 𝑛 (%)	40 (75.5)	40 (83.3)	14 (56.0)	0.65; 0.42
In active employment 𝑛 (%)	14 (25.9)	3 (6.2)	0 (0)	136.38; <0.001
Disease characteristics
Age of PD onset (years)	50.62 (9.81)	60.02 (11.56)	66.68 (10.95)	21.35; <0.001^a, b, c
Duration of PD (months)	87.74 (47.57)	103.66 (79.84)	86.85 (60.94)	0.92; 0.40
UPDRS^i motor score	25.33 (12.36)	31.26 (10.61)	24.12 (9.89)	4.69; 0.01^a, b
UPDRS complications of therapy	3.70 (3.25)	3.66 (3.37)	0.42 (1.25)	11.26; <0.001^b, c
LEDD^ii	759.90 (537.85)	852.48 (625.56)	Not obtained	0.63; 0.43
LEDD-DA^iii	208.81 (174.85)	67.95 (110.99)	Not obtained	22.11; <0.001
Hoehn-Yahr staging	2.04 (0.65)	2.28 (0.65)	3.40 (0.80)	23.39; <0.001^b, c
MMSE^iv	29.30 (0.82)	27.64 (1.90)	19.36 (5.96)	102.74; <0.001^a, b, c
Pre-morid IQ (NART^v)	113.48 (9.84)	112.1 (11.77)	110.45 (7.98)	0.18; 0.84

ⁱUnified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; ⁱⁱtotal daily dopaminergic load based on levodopa equivalents or “levodopa equivalent daily dose” (LEDD); ⁱⁱⁱLEDD-DA: levodopa equivalent daily dose-dopamine agonist only; ^ivMini-Mental State Exam; ^vNational Adult Reading Test [28].
Post hoc bonferroni for two group comparison, 𝑃<0.05: ^aPD-NC versus PD-MCI; ^bPD-MCI versus PDD; ^cPD-NC versus PDD.