Upper Extremity Motor Learning among Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis Evaluating Movement Time in Simple Tasks

Table 5

Effect sizes (as measured using Hedge’s g) with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals for the studies included in the meta-analysis and the resultant effect sizes. A negative value of the effect sizes is indicative of a reduction in the movement time.

(a)

Authors		Control group		Individuals with PD
	Time of testing*	Effect size (Hedge’s g)	95% CI	Effect size (Hedge’s g)	95% CI
Agostino et al. (2004) [21]	Immediate	−0.937	−1.668 to −0.582	−0.177	−0.773 to 0.419
Behrman et al. (2000) [22]	Immediate	−1.233	−1.884 to −0.582	−1.031	−1.663 to −0.426
Majsak et al. (2008) [23]	Immediate	−0.192	−0.815 to 0.431	−0.361	−1.002 to 0.280
Marinelli et al. (2009)^a [18] experiment  1	Immediate	−0.551	−1.331 to 0.229	−0.727	−1.561 to 0.106
Marinelli et al. (2009)^b [18] experiment  2	Immediate	−0.265	−.955 to 0.425	−0.071	−0.746 to 0.604
Platz et al. (1998)^c [4] study 1	Immediate	−0.667	−1.197 to −0.156	−1.581	−2.400 to −0.863
Platz et al. (1998)^d [4] study 2	Immediate	−2.030	−2.873 to −1.186	−0.992	−1.571 to −0.414
Group immediate effect		−0.814	−1.288 to −0.340	−0.698	−1.070 to −0.325

(b)

Authors		Control group		Individuals with PD
	Time of testing*	Effect size (Hedge’s g)	95% CI	Effect size (Hedge’s g)	95% CI
Agostino et al. (2004) [21]	Late	−2.174	−3.339 to −1.009	−0.256	−0.857 to 0.346
Behrman et al. (2000) [22]	Late	−1.148	−1.778 to −0.517	−0.973	−1.565 to −0.381
Majsak et al. (2008) [23]	Late	−0.215	−0.839 to 0.410	−0.781	−1.506 to −0.056
Group late effect		−1.028	−1.784 to 0.272	−0.665	−1.226 to −0.105
Overall effect^e		−0.875	−1.276 to −0.473	−0.688	−0.998 to −0.377

Note: ^a and ^b data were extracted from two different experiments within one publication. ^c and ^d data were extracted from two different training programs within one publication. Effect size was corrected using Hedge’s g.
^eThe overall effect is the combination of the group immediate effect and the group late effect.
*Time of testing is indicated as either immediately following training (immediate) or following an interim period specified by each individual study (late).