Review Article

Clinical Aspects and Management of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia

Table 3

Series on adjuvant therapy with dopamine agonists*. In italic, dyskinesia evaluation.

AuthorDurationCharacteristics of participantsInterventionsPrimary outcomesSecondary outcomes

Poewe et al. [79] (6 months)N: 302; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 8.5 yPramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; on/off timeSE
Pahwa et al. [80, 81]; Sethi et al. [82, 83]; Stacy et al. [84]; Stocchi et al. [85, 86] (24 weeks)N: 393; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 8.6 yRopinirole (24-h) ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; patient-rated QoL; on/off time;  levodopa doseSE
Depression  sleep scales
Oertel et al. [87]; Pogarell et al. [88] (32 weeks)N: 363 (354 analysed); MFs. Mean duration of PD: 7.8 yPramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; off time; levodopa doseSE
Wong et al. [89] (15 weeks)N: 150; Mean duration of PD: 4.4 yPramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; off timeSE
Musch and Bonura [90] (24 weeks) N: 218; on levodopa. Mean duration of PD: NACabergoline ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; off time; levodopa doseSE
Pinter et al. [91] (11 weeks)N: 78; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 8.2 yPramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; off time; levodopa doseSE
Wermuth [92] (12 weeks) N: 69; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 10 y (range: 3–27 y)Pramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; off time;   levodopa doseSE
Lieberman et al. [93]; Weiner et al. [94] (32 weeks) N: 360; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 9.2 yPramipexole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; on/off time;   levodopa doseSE
Guttman [95] (9 months)N: 247; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 7 y (range: 0.67–36 y)Pramipexole ( ) versus bromocriptine ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; off timeSE
Kreider et al. [96]; Lieberman et al. [97] (6 months)N: 149; predictable MFs. Mean duration of PD: 9 yRopinirole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; off time;   levodopa doseSE
Rascol et al. [98, 99] (12 weeks) N: 46; not optimally controlled with levodopa. Mean duration of PD: 8 yRopinirole ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; off timeSE
Steiger et al. [100] (6 months)N: 37; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 12.8 y (range: 3–33 y)Cabergoline ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; off time;  levodopa doseSE
Hutton et al. [101]; Lieberman and Hutton [102]; Schoenfelder et al. [103] (24 weeks) N: 188; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 10.6 y (range: 2–30 y)Cabergoline ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; on/off time; levodopa doseSE
Olanow et al. [104] (6 months) N: 376; MFs. Mean duration of PD: 10.9 yPergolide ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability; motor complications; off time;   levodopa doseSE
Temlett et al. [105] (5 weeks)N: 44 (40 analysed); Mean duration of PD: 13.4 yBromocriptine ( ) versus placebo ( )Levodopa doseSE
Toyokura et al. [106] (8 weeks)N: 222; not optimally controlled with levodopa. Mean duration of PD: 6.6 yBromocriptine ( ) versus placebo ( )Motor complications; on/off timeSE
Schneider and Fischer [107] (4 weeks)N: 40; not optimally controlled with levodopa. Mean duration of PD: 9.1 yBromocriptine ( ) versus placebo ( )On/off time; levodopa dose
Jansen [108] (5 months)N: 23; not optimally controlled with levodopa. Mean duration of PD: 8.7 yBromocriptine ( ) versus placebo ( )Disability

*Performed on PD patients, parallel groups, double blind.
MFs: motor fluctuations; SE: side effects.