Executive Function and Postural Instability in People with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of PD and control groups.
PD ()
Controls ()
value
Demographics
Age (yrs)
65.9 (9.4)
68.9 (4.8)
.209
Male (%)
65
65
Education (yrs)
12.4 (2.5)
12.7 (3.4)
.752
PD participants characteristics
Disease duration (yrs)
6.0 (3.8)
UPDRS I
2.8 (2.2)
UPDRS II
11.4 (7.4)
UPDRS III
26.6 (10.8)
UPDRS total
40.8 (17.8)
H-Y stage
1.4 (0.9)
FOG scores
2.0 (0–14.0)∧
PIGD score
4.5 (3.6)
Tremor score
1.0 (0.7)
Akinetic/rigidity scores
1.2 (0.5)
ADL (%)
86 (8.4)
PD medications
Levodopa (numbers taken)
14
Dopaminergic agonists (numbers taken)
8
COMT inhibitor (numbers taken)
4
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (numbers taken)
1
Benzodiazepine (numbers taken)
2
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (numbers taken)
1
No medication (numbers)
4
LED (mg)
622.25 (477.17)
Balance and gait performance
TBS score
15 (8–16)
16 (15-16)
<
TGS score
9.9 (2.1)
11.2 (1.0)
.016
TTS score
23.7 (4.4)
27.2 (1.0)
.002
BBS score
53 (34–56)
56 (48–56)
TUG (s)
10.8 (2.5)
9.30 (1.1)
.027
FR (cm)
24.5 (5.9)
35.7 (6.0)
<.001
Note: UPDRS: unified Parkinson’s disease rating score, H-Y: Hoehn and Yahr scale, FOG: freezing of gait, PIGD: postural instability and gait disturbance, ADL: the Schwab and England Activity of Daily Living scale, LED: levodopa-equivalent dosage [31], COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase, TBS = Tinetti’s balance score, TGS: Tinetti’s gait score, TTS: Tinetti’s total score, TUG: Time Up & Go, BBS: Berg Balance Scale, and FR: functional reach. ∧Data are nonnormally distributed and values reported are median (range). All other data are normally distributed and values reported are mean (SD) and -test. Significant values are marked in bold.
