Pentoxifylline Neuroprotective Effects Are Possibly Related to Its Anti-Inflammatory and TNF-Alpha Inhibitory Properties, in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Figure 11

PTX would act by inhibiting steps involved in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress present in PD. Although astrocytes are able to produce TNF-alpha, among other factors, microglia are the major source of this cytokine, during neuroinflammation. Furthermore, INF-gamma is a potent inducer of TNF-alpha gene expression in microglia [12]. BBB = blood brain barrier.