Action Observation and Motor Imagery: Innovative Cognitive Tools in the Rehabilitation of Parkinson’s Disease

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/pd/volume-2015/124214/figures/124214.fig.001a.svgz" name="124214.fig.001a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Motor imagery</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/pd/volume-2015/124214/figures/124214.fig.001b.svgz" name="124214.fig.001b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Action observation</td></tr></table>

<div>The human brain activity during motor imagery (a) and action observation (b). (a) shows brain areas activated during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery. The pattern of activity includes the following regions: ventral and dorsal part of the premotor cortex (PMC); supplementary motor area (SMA); anterior Cingulate Cortex (aCC); superior Parietal Lobule (sPL) and inferior Parietal Lobule (iPL); precuneus; basal ganglia (BG); and cerebellum. (b) shows the complex brain network (“mirror neuron system”) involved in action observation: ventral premotor cortex (vPMC), posterior part of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (pIFG), rostral part of the Inferior Parietal Lobule (rIPL), and posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (pSTS).</div>

Parkinson’s Disease

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Action Observation and Motor Imagery: Innovative Cognitive Tools in the Rehabilitation of Parkinson’s Disease 