Association between Community Ambulation Walking Patterns and Cognitive Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Further Insights into Motor-Cognitive Links

Table 1

(a) Associations between the global cognitive score and 3-day acceleration measures in the entire cohort (). (b) Acceleration derived 3-day measures of the two groups (using Student’s -tests) (low and high quartiles).

(a)  

	Adjusted univariate model	Adjusted multivariate model
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP	−0.01 (−1.32–1.14)	—
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP	0.03 (−0.0002–0.0002)	—
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP	0.29 (0.09–0.45)	0.24 (0.04–0.39)
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP	−0.08 (−0.40–0.16)	—
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V	2.65 (4.18–28.91)	—
AP	1.59 (−3.35–28.80)	—
ML	−0.23 (−34.83–−2.10)	—
Stride regularity [g^2]
V	0.24 (4.09–37.75)	0.18 (0.14–2.37)
AP	0.16 (−3.90–41.70)	—
ML	−0.28 (−22.00–16.73)	—
Harmonic ratio
V	0.15 (−0.91–8.00)	—
AP	0.20 (0.27–9.67)	—
ML	0.08 (−9.55–2290)	—

Entries are the values, 95% confidence intervals, and the associated value. Univariate and multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, and disease duration.

(b)  

Measure	PD low global cognitive score	PD high global cognitive score	value
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP	2.39 ± 2.24	2.21 ± 2.13	0.618
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP	10346.38 ± 9533.69	10063.80 ± 10791.24	0.618
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP	101.46 ± 17.73	108.92 ± 11.76	0.076
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP	7.77 ± 8.89	6.51 ± 7.43	0.075
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V	0.56 ± 0.19	0.69 ± 0.16	0.019
AP	0.56 ± 0.15	0.61 ± 0.16	0.245
ML	0.19 ± 0.15	0.17 ± 0.11	0.748
Stride regularity [g^2]
V	0.46 ± 0.11	0.56 ± 0.13	0.008
AP	0.50 ± 0.11	0.54 ± 0.10	0.148
ML	0.35 ± 0.14	0.36 ± 0.11	0.753
Harmonic ratio
V	1.98 ± 0.46	2.26 ± 0.48	0.039
AP	1.86 ± 0.43	2.09 ± 0.46	0.076
ML	0.62 ± 0.16	0.62 ± 0.10	0.902

Measures which were not distributed normally according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and therefore were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test.
Measures which were significantly different in the two groups. We performed the Hochberg-Benjamini method for multiple comparison analysis for each of the 3 locomotor constructs separately: vertical (V), anterior-posterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML). values less than or equal to 0.039 (V), 0.05 (AP), and 0.05 (ML) were considered statistically significant in the 3 different constructs in the present analyses.