Association between Community Ambulation Walking Patterns and Cognitive Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Further Insights into Motor-Cognitive Links

Table 2

(a) Associations between the executive function and 3-day acceleration measures in the entire cohort (). (b) Acceleration derived 3-day measures of the two groups (using Student’s -tests) (low and high quartiles).

(a)

	Adjusted univariate model	Adjusted multivariate model
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP	−0.02 (−1.53–1.18)	—
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP	0.01 (−0.0002–0.0003)	—
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP	0.25 (0.05–0.45)	—
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP	−0.09 (−0.45–0.16)	—
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V	0.24 (3.24–30.23)	0.25 (4.43–0.54)
AP	0.16 (−2.70–32.64)	—
ML	−0.15 (−31.67–4.85)	—
Stride regularity [g^2]
V	0.16 (−3.10–34.60)	—
AP	0.13 (−8.34–42.09)	—
ML	−0.05 (−26.68–15.93)	—
Harmonic ratio
V	0.08 (−2.97–6.95)	—
AP	0.18 (−0.13–10.25)	—
ML	0.09 (−9.43–26.28)	—

Entries are the values, 95% confidence intervals, and the associated value. Univariate and multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, and disease duration.

(b)

Measure	PD low executive function	PD high executive function	value
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP	2.21 ± 2.29	2.32 ± 2.11	0.866
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP	9324.44 ± 9707.57	10979.40 ± 10573.83	0.498
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP	98.83 ± 16.02	108.62 ± 9.54	0.009
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP	9.66 ± 10.55	6.59 ± 7.38	0.033
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V	0.58 ± 0.21	0.70 ± 0.19	0.035
AP	0.55 ± 0.17	0.60 ± 0.14	0.243
ML	0.20 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.12	0.254
Stride regularity [g^2]
V	0.49 ± 0.14	0.54 ± 0.16	0.226
AP	0.50 ± 0.11	0.53 ± 0.11	0.301
ML	0.36 ± 0.12	0.34 ± 0.11	0.600
Harmonic ratio
V	2.12 ± 0.49	2.21 ± 0.55	0.534
AP	1.85 ± 0.41	2.09 ± 0.40	0.038
ML	0.63 ± 0.17	0.63 ± 0.09	0.863

Measures which were not distributed normally according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and therefore were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test.
Measures which were significantly different in the two groups. We performed the Hochberg-Benjamini method for multiple comparison analysis for each of the 3 locomotor constructs separately: vertical (V), anterior-posterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML). values less than or equal to 0.03 (V), 0.03 (AP), and 0.05 (ML) were considered statistically significant in the 3 different constructs in the present analyses; that is, none of the variability measures were significant.