Clinical and Epidemiological Factors Associated with Mortality in Parkinson’s Disease in a Brazilian Cohort

Table 4

Association between baseline characteristics and mortality, expressed as mortality hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI).

	Univariate models		Adjusted model
	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value
Age of onset, per year increase	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	<0.001	1.06 (1.02–1.10)	0.004
Age at onset <60 years	0.32 (0.16–0.64)	0.001	—	—
Age at first visit, per year increase	1.05 (1.02–1.08)	0.001	—	—
Disease duration	0.87 (0.74–1.02)	0.093	0.86 (0.70–1.07)	NS
Female	11.2 (0.89–140.9)	0.062	76.5 (2.03–2886)	0.019
Race	2.11 (1.00–4.43)	0.049	3.41 (1.21–9.58)	0.021
Subtype PIGD	0.82 (0.43–1.56)	NS	0.83 (0.22–3.17)	NS
Mixed	0.67 (0.22–2.02)	NS	1.31 (0.47–3.67)	NS
Dementia	1.99 (1.01–3.92)	0.046	1.8 (0.80–4.01)	NS
Depression	1.00 (0.52–1.94)	NS	0.88 (0.36–2.14)	NS
Hoehn&Yahr	0.90 (0.62–1.32)	NS	1.05 (0.53–2.06)	NS
ADL	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	NS	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	NS
Any risk factor	0.60 (0.33–1.12)	NS	0.37 (0.16–0.84)	0.018
Any major comorbidity	1.00 (0.54–1.89)	NS	1.62 (0.63–4.16)	NS

Note. Univariate models include only one variable at a time. The adjusted model included all listed covariates simultaneously. Indicator variable for age of onset lower than 60 years and age of first visit are not included in the adjusted model because of collinearity. Female: time-varying component estimated because of violation of proportional hazards assumption. Race: nonwhites as compared to whites. Subtype: reference group: tremor. PIGD: postural instability-gait disorder subtype. ADL: activities of daily living. NS: nonstatistically significant, .