The Effect of Hyperhomocysteinemia on Motor Symptoms, Cognitive Status, and Vascular Risk in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 3
Plasma homocysteine levels and their relationships with hallucinations, dyskinesia, vascular risk factors, carotid colour Doppler US, brain MRI findings, and anti-parkinsonian medication in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Homocysteine levels (µmol/L)
Hallucinations
Absent
46
13.34 ± 4.62
0.13
Present
14
15.53 ± 4.99
Dyskinesia
Absent
44
14.14 ± 5.00
0.44
Present
16
13.05 ± 4.05
Hypertension
Absent
33
14.15 ± 4.38
0.60
Present
27
13.49 ± 5.25
Diabetes mellitus
Absent
51
14.15 ± 4.83
0.24
Present
9
12.12 ± 4.18
Hyperlipidemia
Absent
39
13.35 ± 4.48
0.27
Present
21
14.77 ± 5.23
Coronary heart disease
Absent
47
13.6 ± 5.02
0.44
Present
13
14.77 ± 3.67
Previous stroke
Absent
58
13.71 ± 4.76
0.22
Present
2
17.95 ±3.47
Carotid colour Doppler US
Normal
14
12.96 ± 4.18
0.42
Atherosclerotic findings
36
14.24 ± 5.27
Brain MRI
Normal
22
13.08 ± 4.88
0.85
Ischemic lesions
23
13.37 ± 5.03
Anti-parkinsonian medication
LD ± DA
31
15.06 ± 4.78
0.07
LD ± DA ± COMTI
18
12.89 ± 5.08
DA
11
11.25 ± 3.26
Data reported as the mean ± SD. Atherosclerotic findings including intima-media thickness, atherosclerotic plaques, and stenosis. Ischemic lesions including multiple lacunar and vascular territorial infarcts. US: ultrasonography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; LD: levodopa; DA: dopamine agonists; COMTI: catechol O-methyl transferase inhibitors.
