Event-Related Potentials in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Visual Hallucination
Table 2
Comparison of frontal test battery in PD patients and controls.
Demographic data
PD-H
PD-NH
Controls
p
mean ± SD
Attention
Stroop Test (errors)
7.92 ± 9.09
7.33 ± 8.45
3.41 ± 5.19
0.151
TMT-A (s)
70.84 ± 41.47
52.76 ± 30.27
0.018
TMT-B (s)
241.21 ± 121.73
134.00 ± 106.8
124.76 ± 84.81
0.264
Digit Span
15.64 ± 4.24
15.88 ± 2.76
17.27 ± 4.54
0.198
Visual-constructional ability
Block Design (score)
7.21 ± 4.16
12.08 ± 4.05
11.50 ± 3.78
0.255
R–O-copy (score)
32.08 ± 6.55
33.47 ± 1.91
<0.001
Verbal fluency
Word list generation
41.00 ± 14.81
44.21 ± 11.29
46.47 ± 8.68
0.122
Memory
Wordlist learning recall (number)
17.21 ± 3.66
19.19 ± 3.76
22.29 ± 1.45
0.301
R–O-recall (score)
7.71 ± 6.76
11.96 ± 9.19
13.00 ± 8.32
0.549
Higher executive function
Similarities (score)
9.29 ± 6.08
10.12 ± 7.11
13.53 ± 4.58
0.760
Five-Point Test (correct number)
2.79 ± 2.46
4.57 ± 2.92
5.35 ± 2.52
0.485
WCST-category (number)
5.21 ± 2.12
6.00 ± 1.71
6.24 ± 2.31
0.697
WCST-PN/total errors (%)
25.29 ± 20.95
0.027
Motor programming
Luria’s Hand Sequence (score)
2.23 ± 1.14
2.12 ± 0.68
0.019
PD-H: PD patients with visual hallucinations; PD-NH: PD patients without visual hallucinations; TMT: Trail Making Test; R–O Complex Figure Test: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. p: p value, by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age, gender, and education as covariates. Post hoc analysis with Tukey method (PD-H versus PD-NH, PD-H versus controls, and PD-NH versus controls).
