Abnormal Echogenicity of the Substantia Nigra, Raphe Nuclei, and Third-Ventricle Width as Markers of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinsonian Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Patient characteristics, divided into presence or absence of cognitive impairment.

	PD absence of cognitive impairment ()	PD presence of cognitive impairment ()	value	APS absence of cognitive impairment ()	APS presence of cognitive impairment ()	value
Mean age years (SD)	67.27 (10.10)	70.67 (7.36)	0.13	68.15 (10.53)	75.29 (6.49)	0.05
Disease duration months mean (SD)	27.29 (53.75)	32.07 (32.87)	0.68	51.92 (50.28)	29.68 (28.78)	0.05
UPDRS total score mean (SD)	22.31 (10.14)	27.00 (11.90)	0.83	25.27 (13.77)	35.07 (19.05)	0.04
UPDRS motor score mean (SD)	12.56 (5.55)	14.04 (6.73)	0.32	13.31 (6.75)	17.79 (9.50)	0.05
SCOPA-COG mean (SD)	27.40 (3.70)	17.89 (3.79)	0.00	27.54 (4.26)	15.71 (5.87)	0.00
Hyperechogenic substantia nigra %	35.56	48.15	0.29	46.15	46.43	0.98
Hypoechogenic raphe nuclei %	20.69	23.53	0.82	5.56	35.29	0.03
Third-ventricle width mm (SD)	5.05 (1.84)	6.92 (2.49)	0.02	5.27 (3.02)	5.38 (1.44)	0.91

PD = Parkinson’s disease, APS = atypical parkinsonism.