Parkinson’s Disease

Review Article

Genetic Profile, Environmental Exposure, and Their Interaction in Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1

Environmental genetic significant interactions in Parkinson’s disease.


Exposure	Gene	Risk variant^&	Design for interaction	PD	CT	Interaction ()	Joint effect	REF
Exposure	Gene	Risk variant^&	Design for interaction	PD	CT	Interaction ()	OR [95% CI] or (SE)	REF

Pesticides	ABCB1	rs1045642 C>T, p.Ile1145Ile	Case-only	415	—	—	4.74 [1.01–22.31]	[48]
Organochlorines	ABCB1	rs2032582 G>[A,T], p.Ser893Ala/Thr	Case-only	207	—	—	5.4 [1.1–27.5]	[49]
Organophosphorus	ABCB1	rs1045642 C>T, p.Ile1145Ile rs2032582 G>[A,T], p.Ser893Ala/Thr	Case-control	350	724	NA	1 allele 2.1 [1.3–3.2] Both alleles 3.7 [2.0–7.0]	[50]
Diazinon Chlorpyrifos	PON1	rs854560 T>A, p.Leu55Met (SM)	Case-control	351	363	NA	2.2 [1.1–4.5] 2.6 [1.3–5.4]	[51]
Organophosphates	PON1	rs854560 T>A, p.Leu55Met (SM)	Case-control	357	807	NA	2.62 [1.4–4.8]	[52]
Pesticides	CYP2D6	rs3892097 G>A, null allele (PM)	Case-control	190	419	0.02	4.74 [1.29–17.45]	[53]
Pesticides	CYP2D6	rs3892097 G>A, null allele (PM)	Case-control	393	389	0.05	8.41 [1.01–69.76]	[54]
Caffeine	CYP1A2	rs762551 C>A rs2470890 C>T, p.Asn516Asn	Case-control	925	1249	0.05 0.04	0.33 [0.16–0.68] 0.43 [0.27–0.69]	[55]
Paraquat	GSTT1	Null allele	Case-control	87	343	0.027	11.1 [3.0–44.6]	[56]
Solvents	GSTM1	Null allele	Case-only	959	—	—	2.34 [1.08–4.62]	[57]
Smoking	GSTP1	GSTP1C haplotype	Case-only	400	—	—	2 [1.11–3.60]	[58]
Pesticides	SLC6A3	5′ A clade and 3′ VNTR 9-repeats	Case-control	178 men	239 men	0.02	5.66 [1.73–18.53]	[59]
Paraquat, maneb	SLC6A3	5′ A clade and 3′ VNTR 9-repeats	Case-control	324	334	<0.001	4.53 [1.70–12.09]	[60]
Smoking	MAO-B	rs1799836 A>G	Case-control	82	118	NA	0.24 [0.10–0.55]	[61]
Pesticides	MnSOD NQO1	rs4880 T>C p.Val16Ala rs1800566 C>T p.Pro153Ser	Case-control	153	155	<0.001	2.49 [1.18–5.26] 2.42 [1.16–4.76]	[62]
Pesticides	NOS1	rs12829185 T>C rs10774910 T>C rs2682826 A>G	Case-control	156	174	0.034 0.026 0.028	3.12 [1.71–5.71] 4.15 [1.85–9.34] 3.52 [1.78–6.95]	[63]
Smoking	NOS2A	rs2314810 G>C rs2248814 A>G rs1060826 T>C	Case-control	179	204	0.024 0.021 0.013	0.56 [0.34–0.92] 0.23 [0.09–0.59] 0.17 [0.06–0.49]	[63]
Caffeine	GRIN2A	rs4998386 C>T	GWAIS + replications	2472	2848		0.41 (0.05)	[64]
Caffeine	GRIN2A	rs4998386 C>T	Case-control	193	377	<0.001	0.38 [0.20–0.70]	[65]

^&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/, environmental exposure stratum, and risk allele stratum. PD, Parkinson’s disease patients; CT, unaffected subjects; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; REF, reference article; NA, not available; SM, slow metabolizer; PM, poor metabolizer.