Gastrointestinal Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatments

Figure 1

Treatment options for gastrointestinal dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease. Overview of the different pharmacological treatments or therapeutic approaches that are currently effective or under investigation to manage constipation (left panels), drooling/dysphagia (right panels), and nausea/vomiting/gastroparesis (bottom panels). Please note that some drug options are not available in the USA () or had to be withdrawn from the market due to unacceptable side effects (¤).