Research Article
Mindfulness for Motor and Nonmotor Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease
Table 1
A comparison of outcome measures between baseline (pre-) and postassessment.
| | Measure | Pre | Post | Test | | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | | | |
| | Mindfulness | | | | | | | FFMQ-15 | 50.30 (4.36) | 53.8 (6.37) | −2.16 | | 0.05 | | FFMQ-15-Observing | 9.67 (2.93) | 11.20 (2.26)
| 2.44 | | 0.03 | | Anxiety | | | | | | | GAI | 4.85 (5.14) | 2.93 (3.67) | | −2.20 | 0.03 | | Depression | | | | | | | HAM-D | 2.49 (1.37) | 1.66 (1.32) | 2.20 | | 0.04 | | Cognition | | | | | | | PDCRS-Total | 94.9 (21.1) | 102 (17.2) | −3.59 | | <0.01 | | PDCRS-Cortical | 28.9 (1.51) | 29.3 (1.55) | | −1.00 | 0.32 | | PDCRS-Subcortical | 66.2 (19.2) | 73.0 (15.2) | −3.63 | | <0.01 | | PDCRS-Working Memory | 1.54 (0.62) | 2.71 (0.24) | −0.40 | | <0.01 | | PDCRS-Alternating Verbal Fluency | 11.4 (4.41) | 12.9 (4.20) | −2.50 | | 0.03 | | PDCRS-Action Verbal Fluency | 14.7 (6.71) | 17.5 (6.96) | −3.36 | | <0.01 | | Motor disability | | | | | | | MDS-UPDRS-Total | 38.9 (11.0) | 35.2 (14.6) | 1.22 | | 0.25 | | MDS-UPDRS III-Motor score | 21.1 (6.28) | 20.3 (8.26) | | −0.69 | 0.49 | | MDS-UPDRS-Tremor | 7.43 (5.17) | 7.43 (4.50) | 0.00 | | 1.00 | | MDS-UPDRS-PIGD | 1.36 (0.62) | 1.05 (0.65) | 3.03 | | 0.01 | | Gait (item 3.10) | 1.07 (0.62) | 0.64 (0.50) | | −2.12 | 0.03 | | Posture (item 3.12) | 0.50 (0.85) | 0.29 (0.61) | | −1.73 | 0.08 | | Bradykinesia (item 3.14) | 0.86 (0.86) | 1.07 (0.72) | | −1.00 | 0.32 | | Tremor (items 3.15 to 3.18) | 6.14 (4.35) | 6.50 (4.05) | −0.41 | | 0.69 | | Rigidity (items 3.3a to 3.3e) | 2.71 (1.90) | 1.71 (1.33) | | −2.17 | 0.03 | | Quality of life | | | | | | | PDQ-39 | 25.2 (15.5) | 22.4 (15.5) | 1.31 | | 0.22 | | Mobility | 12.5 (11.2) | 10.8 (10.7) | 0.81 | | 0.43 | | Activities of Daily Living | 15.8 (13.8) | 13.8 (12.7) | | −0.95 | 0.34 | | Emotional wellbeing | 18.3 (17.5) | 16.0 (13.7) | 1.05 | | 0.32 | | Stigma | 15.2 (19.7) | 12.8 (16.9) | | −1.39 | 0.16 | | Social Support | 12.5 (15.9) | 12.8 (16.9) | | −0.28 | 0.80 | | Cognition | 3.83 (1.98) | 3.33 (2.49) | 1.01 | | 0.33 | | Communication | 18.5 (12.7) | 14.1 (19.1) | | −1.38 | 0.17 | | Bodily Discomfort | 23.1 (20.5) | 19.9 (14.3) | 0.73 | | 0.48 | | Psychological wellbeing | | | | | | | OQ-45-Total | 43.2 (16.0) | 36.3 (21.6) | 1.83 | | 0.09 | | OQ-45-Symptom Distress | 26.2 (9.97) | 20.3 (13.0) | 2.97 | | 0.01 |
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Nonparametric distribution Wilcoxon;
transformed by square root. PIGD: postural instability gait dysfunction; statistical significance . FFMQ: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; GAI: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PDCRS = Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PDQ: Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire; OQ: Outcome Questionnaire.
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