BADS, rule shifting BADS, six elements CET, German version TMT, German version Face name learning test Attention Wellbeing scale Verbal intelligence scale Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
Pre-post improvement: 2/5 CT more than standard treatment, improved on BADS rule shifting CT and standard treatment groups, improved on BADS six elements
Noncomputerized, hospital program 3-4|10|30|5
Only CT in hospital versus standard treatment
Not standardized intervention. Additionally, task difficulty was adjusted according to each participant’s performance level.
Posttraining PD CT versus PD untrained: Sudoku, faster solving time Stroop, more correct answers, fewer missing answers, lower RT. PD CT group showed brain activation pattern more similar to controls.
Noncomputerized, at home with weekly meetings to discuss progress, Sudoku table 1/day, for 6 months Impossible to calculate total training time
Only CT
No, Sudoku plus weekly meetings, much longer duration than traditional CT.
Attention Process Training II (APT-II), audio CDs, pen and paper worksheets, response clickers. Training sustained attention, divided attention, alternating attention, and selective attention.
Acceptability Feasibility COWAT Stroop Digit span f & b TMT B
Pre-post improvement. No statistics
Computerized + daily practice, in lab, assisted 4|4|90|6
16 PD CT 12 PD control Excluded MMSE <23, some MCI in both groups H&Y 2.37, 2.25
PD CT: SmartBrain intervention as well as pen and paper homework. Individualized from a platform of 28 tasks focusing on attention, WM, executive function, memory, visuospatial abilities, psychomotor speed. Also training in language, calculations, and culture. PD control: speech therapy, focus on speech and communication difficulties.
MMSE ACE Attention and WM: (i) WAIS III Digit Span f & b (ii) CVLT II-List A1 Information processing speed: (i) SDMT (ii) TMT A (iii) Stroop, word subtest Verbal memory: (i) CVLT-II-Short-Delay Free Recall (ii) CVLT-II-Long-Delay Free Recall (iii) Logical Memory subtest I (iv) Logical Memory subtest II Learning: (i) CVLT-II-List A Total Visual memory: (i) ROCFT-Immediate Recall (ii) ROCFT-Delayed Recall Visuoconstructive abilities: (i) ROCFT-Copy Visuospatial Abilities: (i) RBANS-Line Orientation Verbal fluency: (i) Phonemic-COWAT FAS (ii) Semantic-COWAT Animals Executive functions: (i) TMT-B (ii) TOL-Total Moves (iii) TOL-Total Correct (iv) TOL-Rules Violations (v) Stroop Test-Interference PDQ-39 Mood, geriatric depression scale Cognitive difficulties in activities of daily living, Cognitive Deficits Scale
SmartBrain group improved on 10/23 measures compared to PD control group. Attention and WM 1/4: digit span forward Information processing speed 1/3: Stroop word Visual memory 2/4: ROCFT, immediate and delayed Verbal 1/2: Semantic-Animals but not Phonemic-FAS Executive functions 3/5: TMT-B, TOL Total Moves, and Total Correct
Computerized and noncomputerized plus homework tasks, in lab and at home 4|12|45|9 Plus homework for unspecified amount of time
Only CT versus speech therapy
No, selection of tasks plus SmartBrain, individualized for each participant.
Yes. No change on PDQ39, on measure of mood, or of activities of daily living
WiiFit and cognition (cognition as part of the game’s requirements, not specifically trained). Games used: Single Leg Extension, Torso Twist, Table Tilt, Tilt City, Soccer Heading, Penguin Slide, Rhythm Parade, Obstacle Course, Basic Step, Basic Run. General Balance: Similar motor requirements as the Wii games.
UPDRS-II (activities of independent living) MOCA Static and dynamic balance measures
WiiFit and general balance exercise groups both showed improvement in UPDRS II(independent activities of daily living scale) and MOCA scores. No difference between groups before, after, or at 60-day follow-up.
Computerized-sessions led by an instructor 7|14|60|14
Combined with global exercises. Computerized but not cognitive focused.
Yes, WiiFit games.
Yes. Both groups improved on UPDRS II-activities of independent living
71 PD CT (group A) 75 PD CT + transfer (group B) 76 CT + transfer + motor (group C) MCI in all groups
CT- BADS (unused subtests); Raven’s matrices; picture arrangement tasks, picture completion tasks, block design, object assembly (from WISC); short stories & discussions; pictures prompting stories. CT + transfer: same as above + daily tasks such as grocery shopping, tending to a vegetable patch, and so forth. CT + transfer + motor: same as above + games and tasks to enhance inhibitory control, WM, coordination, and so forth.
No detailed statistics, all groups improved. The more involved groups (groups B and C) improved more. There was a significant group time interaction, suggesting group C improved more than other groups on ADAS-Cog and SCOPA-Cog
Computerized and noncomputerized, hospital and at home, at least 14 sessions, 4/week, 60 minutes, then at home, 3/week, 45 minutes each. Minimum: 4|16|60|16
Only CT versus CT + transfer training versus CT + transfer training + psychomotor training
Two-phase button press task, a motor sequence learning task, participants had to press numbered keys corresponding to the number sequence shown on screen. Sequence length varied between 1 and 4 digits.
Motor sequence learning task TIADL TMT D-KEFS TUG
Posttraining, the impaired PD group showed significant improvement in time for sequence initiation, time for sequence completion, and number of errors in the internally represented condition of the task.
Computerized, adaptive difficulty, completed at home 2|10|40|~6.5
Only CT
Yes, but adaptive difficulty.
Yes. No changes in time to complete instrumental activities of daily living
Neuropsychological Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR), individualized, computer based training program devised according to their test results, using a mix of commercially available CT interventions and software programs.
Wechsler Memory Scale III: LOGMEM I - Immediate LOGMEM II – Delayed TMT A TMT B COWAT FAS BDI
CT > waitlist improvement on 2/7 measures: LOGMEM I – Immediate LOGMEM II – Delayed
44 PD Speed of Processing Training (SOPT) 43 PD waitlist H&Y 1–3 MMSE 28
SOPT,self-administered, computer based training program that includes 5 exercises aimed at training speed of information processing. The exercises adapt in difficulty according to performance.
22 PD NeuroVitalis (NV) 22 PD mentally fit (MF) 21 PD waitlist H&Y 1–3 No dementia MMSE 28
Structured: Psychoeducation, group games, individual and group tasks, focusing on attention, memory, and executive functions. Unstructured: Group conversation, group games, individual and group tasks, focusing on attention, memory, executive functions, language, and creative thinking. Tasks for each session chosen at random.
DemTect MMSE Brief Test of Attention Memo Complex figure-ROCFT and Taylor COWAT FAS BDI PDQ-39
NV > waitlist improved on 2/12: Memo-Verbal short term attention score and DemTect, digit span reverse. MF > waitlist improved on BDI. NV > MF improved on DemTect, digit span reverse.
Computerized, pen and paper and activities, in lab group sessions 6|12|90|18
Only CT
NV group standardized intervention. MF unstandardized, unstructured.
Yes. MF improved on BDI scores. No changes in PDQ-39
CogniPlus-focused attention; N-Back; planning and action; response inhibition. WiiFit-tennis, swordplay, archery, air sports.
Tests of Attentional Performance-Alertness Tests of Attentional Performance-WM TMT Block design test CVLT
No overall test of improvement for each group separately. WiiFit group improved over CogniPlus group on 1/5 measures: Tests of Attentional Performance-Alertness.
Computerized, in lab supervised by assistant 4|12|40|8
REHACOP, group sessions including focus on attention, memory (visual and verbal, recall and recognition), language and verbal processing, executive functions (planning and logical reasoning), social cognition and Theory of Mind.
Processing speed: TMT A Salthouse letter comparison test Verbal memory: Hopkins verbal learning test, learning and long term recall Visual memory: Brief visual memory test, learning and long term recall Executive function: Stroop word color, interference scores Theory of Mind: Happé test
REHACOP > occupational therapy improved on 4/9 measures. Processing speed Visual memory Theory of Mind Functional disability
Noncomputerized, psychologist led group sessions 13|39|60|39
Only CT
Yes, REHACOP modules.
Yes. Functional disability scores improved in REHACOP group more than occupational therapy group
