|
| Study author/date | Major study findings |
|
| Microglia activation |
| Gerhard et al., 2006 [43] | In vivo PET imaging revealed widespread and longitudinal microglial activation in subjects with PD when compared to controls |
| Ouchi et al., 2005 [44] | Microglial activation was associated with damage in nigrostriatal pathway in drug-naïve subjects with PD when compared to controls |
| Depino et al., 2003 [45] | Induction of PD in animals (6-OHDA model) resulted in increased microglial activation and atypical production of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA when compared to controls |
| Proinflammatory cytokine production |
| Lindqvist et al., 2012 [54] | Serum levels of IL-6 significantly higher in subjects with PD than controls |
| Scalzo et al., 2010 [46] | Serum levels of IL-6 significantly higher in subjects with PD than controls |
| Reale et al., 2009 [47] | Basal and bacterial LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-ϒ significantly higher in subjects with PD than controls |
| Proinflammatory transcription pathway activation |
| Tobón-Velasco et al., 2013 [48] | Induction of PD in animals (6-OHDA model) resulted in enhanced NF-κB activation which was associated with increased TNF-α and COX-2 levels when compared to controls |
| Liang et al., 2007 [32] | Induction of PD in animals (6-OHDA model) resulted in activation of NF-κB pathways which contributed to oxidative stress-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons when compared to controls |
| Proinflammatory isoenzyme production |
| Hernandes et al., 2013 [50] | Induction of PD in animals (6-OHDA) demonstrated that NDAPH oxidases contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway |
| Teismann et al., 2003 [49] | Brain tissue samples of subjects with and animal models of PD (6-OHDA) demonstrated increased COX-2 upregulation in dopaminergic neurons when compared to controls |
| Oxidative stress |
| Lin et al., 2012 [51] | Induction of PD in animals (rotenone model) associated with significantly higher levels of oxidative proteins in the striatum leading to greater levels of apoptotic cell death of dopaminergic neurons within the nigrostriatal system when compared to controls |
| Seet et al., 2010 [52] | Biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid products, 7B- and 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, neuroprostanes, and urinary 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine) significantly higher in subjects with PD when compared to controls |
| Keeney et al., 2006 [53] | Misassembled mitochondrial complex I as reflected by significant loss of its 8 kDa subunits associated with oxidative damage in brain tissue of subjects with PD when compared to controls |
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