Management of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: Emphasizing Clinical Subtypes and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Condition

Box 1

The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: definition criteria for acute and transient psychosis. F23, F30, F32: diagnosis codes of psychotic (F23) and mood disorders (F30 and F32) taken from ICD-10 guidelines; reference: taken from WHO International classifications, ICD-10 guidelines [15].

(G1) An acute onset of delusions, hallucinations, incomprehensible or incoherent speech, or any combination of these.

The time interval between the first appearance of any psychotic symptoms and the presentation of the fully developed

disorder should not exceed two weeks.

(G2) If transient states of perplexity, misidentification, or impairment of attention and concentration are present, they

do not fulfill the criteria for organically caused clouding of consciousness.

(G3) The disorder does not meet the symptomatic criteria for manic episode (F30), depressive episode (F32), or

recurrent depressive disorder.

(G4) No evidence of recent psychoactive substance use sufficient to fulfil the criteria of intoxication, harmful use,

dependence, or withdrawal states. The continued moderate and largely unchanged use of alcohol or drugs in amounts

or frequencies to which the subject is accustomed does not necessarily rule out the use of F23; this must be decided by

clinical judgement and the requirements of the research project in question.

(G5) Most commonly used exclusion criteria: absence of organic brain disease or serious metabolic disturbances

affecting the central nervous system (this does not include childbirth).