Evolution of Orofacial Symptoms and Disease Progression in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease: Longitudinal Data from the Jönköping Parkinson Registry

Table 3

Multivariate regression models for significant independent determinant factors of different orofacial symptoms in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD).

Orofacial symptom	Significant determinants; (Logistic regression model)
Speech	Male sex: OR = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.0–4.9)
	UPDRS-Part III: OR = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0–1.1)
	Voice changes: OR = 9.4 (95% CI: 2.6–33.2)
	Tremor score: OR = 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1–0.7)
	Asymmetry index: OR = 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1–0.8)
Salivation	Male sex: OR = 2.4 (95% CI: 1.0–5.9)
	UPDRS-Part II: OR = 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1–1.3)
	UPDRS-Part III: OR = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0–1.1)
	Dominant rigidity: OR = 5.2 (95% CI: 1.4–19.1)
	Autonomic disturbance: OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 1.1–10.9)
Swallowing	Disease duration: OR = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0–1.2)
Facial expression	Male sex: OR = 2.0 (95% CI: 1.1–3.6)
	UPDRS-Part III: OR = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0–1.1)
	Dominant rigidity: OR = 2.8 (95% CI: 1.1–6.6)
	Dyskinesia: OR = 5.7 (95% CI: 1.6–19.8)
	Urinary urgency: OR = 6.7 (95% CI: 1.5–30.7)

OR: odds’ ratio; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; all orofacial symptoms were considered present if a score of at least 2 in the UPDRS-Part II or III was recorded at any time during the follow-up period; all variables with a value of <0.1 in univariate comparisons were checked for an independent effect in multivariate regression models; all regression models have been adjusted at least for sex, baseline age, duration of disease, and UPDRS-Part III (as the indicator of disease severity either as score or tertile); all presented determinant factors showed a value of <0.05 in each multivariate regression model.