Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Performance in Evaluation Tests for Executive Brain Functions

Table 1

Demographic and clinical aspects of patients in studies and frequency of neuropscyhological tests.

Study		Country	Design	Target	Age	Education (years)	Onset Parkinson disease	Hoehn & Yahr stage	Time to postevaluation in months	Pulse	Frequency	Voltage	Electrodes
Verb fluency-semantic
Takehiko-Yamanaka et al. (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4	Monopolar
Daniels (2012)	60	Germany	Pre-post + control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	2,29 (0,72)	6	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Castelli et al. [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		Right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral
Zangaglia et al. (2009)	65	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN	58,84 (7,70)	7,31 (3,21)	11,84 (5,07)	2,34 (0,43)	1, 6, 12, 24, 36				Semimicroelectrode
Tang (2015)	27	China	Pre-post	STN					6, 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Houvenaghel (2015)	26	France	Pre-post + control	STN	55,8 (6,2)	10,1 (2,4)	11,7 (4)	1,8 (0,8)	3	—	—	—	Bilateral
Tramontana (2015)	30	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + medicine	60 (7)	—	2,2 (1,4)	2	6 y 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Verb fluency-phonemic
Takehiko-Yamanaka (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4 V	Monopolar
Merola et al., (2011)	20	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN + OTHER	66,5 (2,5)	—	16,4 (4,3)	—	14	—	—	—	—
Daniels et al., 2010	60	Germany	Pre-post + control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	2,29 (0,72)	6	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Castelli et al., [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		Right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral
Le Jeune et al. [55]	13	France	Pre-post + control	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	—	64,6	R 135,3 Hz, L 136,5 Hz	Right 2,3 V y, left 2,4 V	Quadripolar
Sáez-Zea, et al. (2012)	9	Spain	Pre-post	STN	54 (14)	—	12 (2)	3		—	—	—	—
Castelli et al., (2010)	27	Italy	Pre-post	STN	60,6 (6,7)	8 (4,1)	15,3 (5,1)	—	1	—	—	—	—
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Houvenaghel (2015)	26	France	Pre-post + control	STN	55,8 (6,2)	10,1 (2,4)	11,7 (4)	1,8 (0,8)	3	—	—	—	Bilateral
Tramontana (2015)	30	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + medicine	60 (7)	—	2,2 (1,4)	2	6 y 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Zangaglia (2009)	32	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN	58,84 (7,70)	7,31 (3,21)	11,84 (5,07)	2,34 (0,43)	1, 6, 12, 24, 36				Semimicroelectrode
Fraraccio, (2008)	15	Canada	On-off	STN	58,1 (7,46)	11,3 (3,97)	13,6 (4,39)	—	19	Left: 94,0, right: 94,0	Left: 185 Hz, right: 185 Hz	Left: 2,8, right: 2,8	Quadripolar
Williams et al. (2011)	19	USA	Post	STN	62,1 (10,3)	13,6 (1,71)	10,1 (6,24)	1,5–3,0	24	—	—	—	—
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Tramontana (2015)	30	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + medicine	60 (7)	—	2,2 (1,4)	2	6 y 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Nelson Modified WSCT
Castelli et al. [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral
Castelli, (2010)	27	Italy	Pre-post	STN	60,6 (6,7)	8 (4,1)	15,3 (5,1)	—	1	—	—	—	—
Fasano (2010)	20	Italy	Pre-post	STN	56,9 (7,2)	—	13,7 (4,8)	3	5, 8	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Le juene, (2010)	13	France	Pre-post	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	3	2,7 (±0,5)	68,7 (±13,9)	38,1 (±17,1)	Quadripolar
Le Jeune et al., [55]	13	France	Pre-post + control	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	—	64,6	R 135,3 Hz, L 136,5 Hz	Right 2,3 V, left 2,4 V	Quadripolar
Houvenaghel (2015)	26	France	Pre-post + control	STN	55,8 (6,2)	10,1 (2,4)	11,7 (4)	1,8 (0,8)	3	—	—	—	Bilateral
Trail Making Test (TMT-B)
Takehiko-Yamanaka (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4 V	Monopolar
Merola (2011)	20	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN + OTHER	66,5 (2,5)	—	16,4 (4,3)	—	14	—	—	—	—
Williams (2011)	19	USA	Post	STN	62,1 (10,3)	13,6 (1,71)	10,1 (6,24)	1,5–3,0	24	—	—	—	—
Castelli et al. [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		Right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral
Le juene, (2010)	13	France	Pre-post	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	3	2,7 (±0,5)	68,7 (±13,9)	38,1 (±17,1)	Quadripolar
Le Jeune et al. [55]	13	France	Pre-post + control	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	—	64,6	R 135,3 Hz, L 136,5 Hz	Right 2,3 V y, left 2,4 V	Quadripolar
Castelli, (2010)	27	Italy	Pre-post	STN	60,6 (6,7)	8 (4,1)	15,3 (5,1)	—	1	—	—	—	—
Smeding et al. (2005)	20	Netherlands	Pre-post + control	STN + GP	59,2 (8,6)	10,7 (1,9)	12 (3–50)	2,5 (1,0–5,0)	6, 12	—	—	—	—
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Houvenaghel (2015)	26	France	Pre-post + control	STN	55,8 (6,2)	10,1 (2,4)	11,7 (4)	1,8 (0,8)	3	—	—	—	Bilateral
Pan Test Forward
Takehiko-Yamanaka (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4 V	Monopolar
Corsi Span Backward
Smeding, (2005)	20	Netherlands	Pre-post + control	STN	59,2 (8,6)	10,7 (1,9)	12 (3–50)	2,5 (1,0–5,0)	6, 12	—	—	—	—
Fasano (2010)	20	Italy	Pre-post	STN	56,9 (7,2)	—	13,7 (4,8)	3	5, 8	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Castelli et al. [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral
Castelli, (2010)	27	Italy	Pre-post	STN	60,6 (6,7)	8 (4,1)	15,3 (5,1)	—	1	—	—	—	—
Backward digits
Takehiko-Yamanaka (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4 V	Monopolar
Daniels (2010)	60	Germany	Pre-post + control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	2,29 (0,72)	—	60 μs	130 Hz	Adjusted for each one	Bilateral
Fasano (2010)	20	Italy	Pre-post	STN	56,9 (7,2)	—	13,7 (4,8)	3	5, 8	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Fraraccio, (2008)	15	Canada	On-off	STN	58,1 (7,46)	11,3 (3,97)	13,6 (4,39)	—	19	Left: 94,0, right: 94,0	Left: 185 Hz, right: 185 Hz	Left: 2,8, right: 2,8	Quadripolar
Witt et al. [56]	60	Germany	Pre-post + control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	3,62 (0,85)	6	—	—	—	—
Rothlind, et al. (2007)	29	USA	On-off	STN + GP	61,4 (10,11)	15,2 (3,21)	12,9 (4,3)	3,3 (0,45)	—	—	—	—	—
Zangaglia (2009)	32	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN	58,84 (7,70)	7,31 (3,21)	11,84 (5,07)	2,34 (0,43)	1, 6, 12, 24, 36				Semimicroelectrode
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Tang (2015)	27	China	Pre-post	STN					6, 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Trail Making Test (TMT-A)
Takehiko-Yamanaka (2012)	30	Japan	Pre-post	STN	61,1 (9,1)	12,5 (4,5)	11,5 (5,7)	—	1, 12	90 μs	130 Hz	2,4 V	Monopolar
Smeding, (2005)	20	Netherlands	Pre-post + Control	STN + GP	59,2 (8,6)	10,7 (1,9)	12 (3–50)	2,5 (1,0–5,0)	6, 12	—	—	—	—
Williams (2011)	19	USA	Post	STN	62,1 (10,3)	13,6 (1,71)	10,1 (6,24)	1,5–3,0	24	—	—	—	—
Stroop
Williams (2011)	19	USA	Post	STN	62,1 (10,3)	13,6 (1,71)	10,1 (6,24)	1,5–3,0	24	—	—	—	—
Daniels (2010)	60	Germany	Pre-post + control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	2,29 (0,72)	—	60 μs	130 Hz	Adjusted for each one	Bilateral
Smeding, (2005)	20	Netherlands	Pre-post + control	STN + GP	59,2 (8,6)	10,7 (1,9)	12 (3–50)	2,5 (1,0–5,0)	6, 1	—	—	—	—
Moreines, (2014)	17		Pre-post	OTH	1		2		—	91 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Fraraccio, (2008)	15	Canada	On-off	STN	58,1 (7,46)	11,3 (3,97)	13,6 (4,39)	—	19	Left: 94,0, right: 94,0	Left: 185 Hz, right: 185 Hz	Left: 2,8, right: 2,8	Quadripolar
Le Jeune et al. [55]	13	France	Pre-post + Control	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	—	64,6	R 135,3 Hz, L 136,5 Hz	Right 2,3 V y, left 2,4 V	Quadripolar
Rothlind, (2007)	29	USA	On-off	STN + GP	61,4 (10,11)	15,2 (3,21)	12,9 (4,3)	3,3 (0,45)	—	—	—	—	—
Le juene, (2010)	13	France	Pre-post	STN	57 (7,8)	—	10,9 (2,2)	—	3	2,7 (±0,5)	68,7 (±13,9)	38,1 (±17,1)	Quadripolar
Witt et al. [56]	60	Germany	Pre-post + Control	STN	60,2 (7,9)	—	13,8 (6,3)	3,62 (0,85)	6	—	—	—	—
Rothlind (2015)	164	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + GPi	62,3 (8,9)	14,8 (3)	12,8 (5,5)	3,3 (0,9)	6	—	—	—	Bilateral
Houvenaghel (2015)	26	France	Pre-post + control	STN	55,8 (6,2)	10,1 (2,4)	11,7 (4)	1,8 (0,8)	3	—	—	—	Bilateral
Tramontana (2015)	30	USA	Pre-post + control	STN + medicam	60 (7)	—	2,2 (1,4)	2	6, 12	—	—	—	Bilateral
Planification
Zangaglia (2009)	65	Italy	Pre-post + control	STN	58,84 (7,70)	7,31 (3,21)	11,84 (5,07)	2,34 (0,43)	1, 6, 12, 24, 36				Semimicroelectrode
Castelli, (2010)	27	Italy	Pre-post	STN	60,6 (6,7)	8 (4,1)	15,3 (5,1)	—	1	—	—	—	—
Fasano (2010)	20	Italy	Pre-post	STN	56,9 (7,2)	—	13,7 (4,8)	3	5, 8	60 μs	130 Hz	—	—
Castelli et al. [54]	19	Italy	Pre-post	STN	62,1 (4,2)	—	14,7 (5)	—	17	Right 61,6 (6,9),; left 61,6 (6,9)		Right 3,2 (0,4),; left 3,2 (0,5)	Monopolar bilateral