Absent Audiovisual Integration Elicited by Peripheral Stimuli in Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1

Demographics of Parkinson’s disease patients with/without sleep disturbance according to PDSS-2, ESS, and PSQI scores.

	All PD patients	PD with sleep disturbances	PD without sleep disturbances
N	30	14	16
Age (y)	67.5 (1.6)	69.6 (2.3)	65.7 (0.2)
Gender (F : M)	17 : 13	7 : 7	10 : 6
H&Y stage	2.4 (0.1)	2.6 (0.2)	2.3 (0.2)
Disease duration (y)	4.5 (1.0)	5.8 (1.9)	3.4 (0.8)
Education (y)	12.4 (0.4)	12.1 (0.7)	12.6 (0.6)
PDSS-2	15.2 (2.1)	24 (3.2)	7.6 (0.8)
ESS	7.8 (1.0)	8.5 (1.6)	7.2 (1.5)
PSQI	6.9 (1.2)	8.9 (2.2)	5.1 (1.1)
MOCA	24.2 (0.5)	24.3 (0.7)	24.1 (0.8)
LED (mg/day)	452 (67)	508 (90)	403 (100)

Data are presented as the mean  ±  standard error of the mean (SEM). F: female; M: male; H&Y stage: Hoehn & Yahr staging system (stages from 1 to 5; a higher score reflects more severe symptoms); PDSS-2: Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (score greater than the cutoff of 15 indicates a poor sleeper); ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (score greater than the cutoff of 11 indicates excessive daytime sleepiness); PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (score greater than the cutoff of 6 suggests possible insomnia); MOCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (score greater than the cutoff of 26 reflects normal cognition). indicates a statistically significant difference between the PD group with sleep disturbances and the PD group without sleep disturbances.