Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: Antagonistic Pleiotropy Phenomena Derived from α-Synuclein Evolvability?

Figure 1

Altered behaviors observed in a DLB model mouse (a and b). Tg mice expressing DLB-linked P123HβS were characterized by memory disorder (∼6 month: by the water maze test) (a) and being more prominent than motor deficits (∼12 month: by the rotarod treadmill test) (b). See Reference [21] for the details. (c and d) The P123HβS mice exhibited depression-like behaviors as assessed from the results of the locomotor activity (6∼10 month) (c) and the nest building test (6∼10 month) (d). See Reference [21] for the details. Reprinted with permission from References [21, 22].