A 10-Year Follow-Up of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Longitudinal change in relation to time and standardized intraindividual association with ESS.

	Effect of time		Effect on ESS
	Intercept (SE)^a	Slope (SE)^b	Beta (SE)^c
Daily levodopa equivalent dose (total, mg)^d	994.2 (83.86)	56.36 (16.62)	−0.14 (0.099)
Daily levodopa equivalent dose (levodopa, mg)^e	749.3 (67.28)	46.52 (13.80)	−0.17 (0.100)^†
Daily levodopa equivalent dose (dopamine agonists, mg)^f	97.01 (16.50)	−5.47 (2.161)	0.06 (0.117)
UPDRS I, total mentation, behavior, and mood (0–16)^g,h	2.88 (0.301)	0.09 (0.032)	0.16 (0.081)^†
UPDRS III, total motor score (0–108)^g,h	16.05 (1.438)	1.31 (0.204)	−0.02 (0.095)
UPDRS III axial/postural/gait score (0–28)^g,h	4.69 (0.390)	0.59 (0.114)	0.18 (0.079)
UPDRS III resting tremor score (0–20)^g,h	1.56 (0.310)	−0.06 (0.031)^†	0.01 (0.082)
UPDRS III action/postural tremor score (0–8)^g,h	0.12 (0.045)	0.00 (0.008)	0.02 (0.125)
UPDRS III rigidity score (0–20)^g,h	2.51 (0.509)	0.08 (0.053)	−0.08 (0.079)
UPDRS III limb bradykinesia score (0–32)^g,h	7.05 (0.649)	0.79 (0.111)	−0.08 (0.091)
UPDRS IV, dyskinesia score (0–13)^g,h	1.03 (0.251)	0.13 (0.049)	−0.02 (0.083)
UPDRS IV, fluctuation score (0–7)^g,h	1.78 (0.170)	0.03 (0.027)	0.11 (0.065)^†
ESS daytime sleepiness score (0–24)^h	9.92 (0.839)	−0.08 (0.137)	—
PSQI sleep quality score (0–21)^h	6.83 (0.581)	0.07 (0.086)	0.226 (0.079)
MADRS-S depression score (0–54)^h,j	10.84 (1.355)	0.14 (0.123)	0.178 (0.069)
HADS anxiety score (0–21)^h,j	5.42 (0.758)	0.13 (0.093)	0.249 (0.077)
HADS depression score (0–21)^h,j	4.95 (0.615)	0.17 (0.075)	0.127 (0.068)^†
Fatigue (FACIT-F) score (0–52)^i,j	31.49 (1.663)	−1.02 (0.322)	0.108 (0.068)

; ; ; ^†. ^aPredicted value on variable at baseline; ^bpredicted change in variable score per year; ^cstandardized intraindividual association between variable and ESS; ^dincluding all antiparkinsonian medications, derived according to Tomlinson et al. [24]; ^eincluding only levodopa (and associated enzyme inhibitors), derived according to Tomlinson et al. [24]; ^fincluding only dopamine agonists, derived according to Tomlinson et al. [24]; ^gas assessed during the “ON” phase; ^hhigh scores = more problems; ⁱhigh scores = less problems; ^jfrom year 1. ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; FACIT-F, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale; SD, standard deviation; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index profile; MADRS-S, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale-Self.