Feasibility Aspects of Exploring Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 4

Trends in outcome response.

Outcome measures; Median difference (min–max) from pre- to postintervention	HiBalance	Direction	Control	Direction
Physical performance and well-being
Mini-BESTest, 0-28^a	0 (−2 to 1)	0	0 (−7 to 1)	0
Comfortable gait speed, m/sec	0.05 (−0.20 to 0.15)	+	0.00 (−0.06 to 0.10)	0
Dual-task cost on gait speed^b, N-Back, %	1.9 (−9.3 to 22.3)	−	−3.8 (−12.1 to 8.7)	+
Dual-task cost on gait speed^b, audiostroop, %	−3.0 (−17.7 to 28.6)	+	−6.4 (−26.6 to 8.3)	+
PDQ-39 summary index, %^c	−8.4 (−32.7 to 1.9)	+	1.7 (−3.5 to 17.4)	−
Executive function
Trail making test, trial 4, sec^d	1.0 (−112.0 to 20.0)	−	−28.0 (−82.0 to 16.0)	+
Color word interference, trial 3, sec^d	2.0 (−7.0 to 17.0)	−	−2.0 (−9.0 to 11.0)	−
Color word interference, trial 4, sec^d	−7.0 (−36.0 to 16.0)	+	5.0 (−37.0 to 14.0)	−
Verbal fluency, n switches^e	2.0 (0.0 to 3.0)	+	1.0 (−3.0 to 6.0)	+
Voice
Sound pressure level, dB (C)	0.0 (−1.7 to 2.3)	0	2.5 (−1.3 to 5.6)	+

Direction indicates whether trend in change from pre- to postintervention was positive (+), negative (−), or unchanged (0). ^aA 14-item clinical test of balance function (maximum score = 28), where higher scores indicate better balance function. ^bDual-task cost on gait speed, where negative values indicate trend to improve and positive values indicate trend to decline. ^cPDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39, consisting of eight subdomains and a summary index, scale between 0 and 100. Summary index scale where 0 indicates perfect health as assessed by the measure and 100 indicates worst health as assessed by the measure. ^dFrom Delis Kaplan Executive Function System™, negative values indicate trend to improve and positive values indicate trend to decline. ^eFrom Delis Kaplan Executive Function System™, positive values indicate trend to improve and negative values indicate trend to decline.