Motor/Nonmotor Symptoms and Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Prevalence and Risks in a Longitudinal Study

Table 3

Cox proportional-hazards model for clinical events in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

	Sex (female)			Age at onset			Tremor onset			Daily dose of levodopa of first evaluation			Duration to the start of levodopa			Duration to the start of antiparkinsonian drugs except levodopa			Total LED at first evaluation			Duration of onset to pain			Duration of onset to wearing-off			Duration of onset to psychosis			Duration of onset to orthostatic hypotension
Events		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI		Hazard ratio	95% CI
Pain	0.017	1.298	1.048–1.608	0.059	1.012	1.000–1.024	0.426	1.089	0.883–1.342	0.090	0.999	0.999–1.000	0.817	0.995	0.954–1.038	0.044	0.966	0.934–0.999	0.007	1.001	1.000–1.001				0.005	0.964	0.939–0.989	0.003	0.969	0.949–0.989	0.005	0.966	0.943–0.990
Wearing-off	<0.001	1.414	1.231–1.625	<0.001	0.968	0.960–0.975	0.001	0.785	0.683–0.902	0.033	0.999	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.919	0.896–0.942	0.195	0.987	0.967–1.007	<0.001	1.001	1.000–1.001	<0.001	0.964	0.950–0.978				0.139	0.988	0.973–1.004	<0.001	0.946	0.931–0.962
Camptocormia	0.154	1.222	0.986–1.017	0.863	1.001	0.986–1.017	0.278	0.861	0.658–1.128	0.319	1.000	0.999–1.000	0.640	0.988	0.938–1.000	0.122	0.964	0.921–1.010	0.728	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.001	0.951	0.924–0.979	0.190	0.976	0.941–1.012	0.375	0.986	0.954–1.018	0.736	1.007	0.968–1.047
Psychosis	0.725	0.967	0.804–1.164	<0.001	1.035	1.023–1.047	0.390	1.082	0.904–1.296	0.037	1.001	1.000–1.001	0.629	0.992	0.959–1.025	0.936	1.000	0.974–4.026	0.451	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.955	0.938–0.973	0.042	0.977	0.955–0.999				<0.001	0.941	0.921–0.962
Orthostatic hypotension	<0.001	0.540	0.382–0.763	0.002	1.033	1.012–1.054	0.647	0.922	0.651–1.305	0.881	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.029	0.930	0.872–0.993	0.123	1.037	0.990–1.086	0.599	1.000	0.999–1.017	0.365	0.986	0.957–1.017	0.034	0.957	0.918–0.997	<0.001	0.940	0.911–0.969
Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 3	0.005	1.211	1.059–1.386	<0.001	1.048	1.039–1.057	0.004	0.821	0.718–0.939	0.211	1.000	1.000–1.001	0.087	0.977	0.952–1.003	0.273	1.011	0.991–1.032	0.655	1.000	1.000–1.000	<0.001	0.960	0.946–0.974	<0.001	0.952	0.935–0.969	<0.001	0.955	0.940–0.970	<0.001	0.927	0.911–0.943
Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage 4	0.047	1.019	1.002–1.420	<0.001	1.071	1.058–1.083	0.004	0.776	0.654–0.921	0.001	1.001	1.000–1.002	0.328	0.984	0.953–1.016	0.035	1.027	1.002–1.052	0.628	1.000	0.999–1.000	<0.001	0.954	0.937–0.971	0.010	0.972	0.952–0.993	<0.001	0.934	0.918–0.952	0.002	0.968	0.948–0.988
Pneumonia	0.001	0.510	0.342–0.760	<0.001	1.122	1.091–1.154	0.355	0.828	0.555–1.235	0.996	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.662	0.984	0.913–1.059	0.970	1.001	0.949–1.056	0.572	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.494	0.987	0.950–1.025	0.199	0.971	0.928–1.016	0.294	0.982	0.950–1.016	0.001	0.982	0.893–0.972
Tube feeding	0.914	1.027	0.630–1.675	<0.001	1.136	1.096–1.177	0.175	0.709	0.431–1.165	0.858	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.862	1.007	0.928–1.093	0.468	1.021	0.965–1.093	0.614	1.000	0.999–1.002	0.344	0.979	0.937–1.023	0.407	0.979	0.930–1.030	0.446	0.986	0.950–1.023	<0.001	0.913	0.870–0.957
Death	0.715	0.921	0.592–1.133	<0.001	1.096	1.063–1.130	0.418	0.831	0.531–1.130	0.670	1.000	0.998–1.001	0.847	1.008	0.928–1.095	0.441	1.022	0.966–1.082	0.611	1.000	0.999–1.001	0.001	0.935	0.901–1.019	0.217	0.969	0.921–1.019	0.080	0.968	0.934–1.004	<0.001	0.893	0.854–0.933