Validation of a Parkinson Disease Predictive Model in a Population-Based Study
Table 1
Characteristics of participants in the nested case-control study (U.S. Medicare).
Cases
Controls
OR (95% CI)
Mutually adjusted
N = 2,326
N = 99,662
n (%)
n (%)
OR (95% CI)a
Age, years
66–69
189 (8.1)
16,456 (16.5)
1.0 (reference)
1.0 (reference)
70–74
552 (23.7)
31,739 (31.9)
1.51 (1.28–1.79)
1.51 (1.28–1.78)
75–79
623 (26.8)
23,202 (23.3)
2.34 (1.98–2.75)
2.29 (1.94–2.70)
80–84
572 (24.6)
17,481 (17.5)
2.85 (2.41–3.36)
2.75 (2.33–3.26)
85–90
390 (16.8)
10,784 (10.8)
3.15 (2.64–3.75)
3.05 (2.55–3.64)
Mean (SD)
78.0 (5.9)
75.9 (6.0)
1.058 (1.051–1.065)b
N/A
Sex
Male
1,188 (51.1)
42,141 (42.3)
1.0 (reference)
1.0 (reference)
Female
1,138 (48.9)
57,521 (57.7)
0.70 (0.65–0.76)
0.57 (0.52–0.63)
Race/ethnicity
White
2,056 (88.4)
85,941 (86.2)
1.0 (reference)
1.0 (reference)
Black
121 (5.2)
7,477 (7.5)
0.68 (0.56–0.81)
0.72 (0.60–0.87)
Pacific Islander/otherc
25 (1.1)
1,715 (1.7)
0.61 (0.41–0.91)
0.65 (0.43–0.96)
Asian
57 (2.5)
2,257 (2.3)
1.06 (0.81–1.38)
1.02 (0.78–1.33)
Hispanic
56 (2.4)
1,878 (1.9)
1.25 (0.95–1.63)
1.16 (0.88–1.52)
Native American
11 (0.5)
394 (0.4)
1.17 (0.64–2.13)
1.26 (0.69–2.31)
Smoking indexd≥median
1,172 (50.4)
56,100 (56.3)
0.79 (0.73–0.86)
0.72 (0.66–0.80)
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; SD standard deviation; N/A = not applicable. aMutually adjusted indicates that all ORs are adjusted for all other variables in the column. bPer year of age. cIncludes 98 participants with race/ethnicity coded as “Unknown.” dPredicted probability of ever smoking divided by the person’s total number of unique diagnosis codes (or 1 for 5,804 participants without any diagnosis codes).
