Enhancement of Executive Functions but Not Memory by Multidomain Group Cognitive Training in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Baseline demographic, clinical, neuropsychological, and genetic characteristics of the PD-MCI study sample.

	Cognitive training (n = 33)	Physical activity (n = 31)	value
Age (years)	67.70 ± 7.19	67.52 ± 8.32	0.926
Gender			0.081
Male (%)	24 (72.7%)	16 (51.6%)
Female (%)	9 (27.3%)	15 (48.4%)
Years of education	13.00 (2.00–20.00)	12.00 (9.00–20.00)	0.765
Family status			0.680
Single (%)	0 (0%)	1 (3.2%)
Married/in partnership (%)	28 (84.8%)	25 (80.6%)
Divorced/separated (%)	2 (6.1%)	3 (9.7%)
Widowed (%)	3 (9.1%)	2 (6.5%)
Living situation			0.514
Single household (%)	4 (12.1%)	6 (19.4%)
Two-person household (%)	27 (81.8%)	21 (67.7%)
Multiperson household (%)	2 (6.1%)	3 (9.7%)
Nursing home (%)	0 (0%)	1 (3.2%)
Age at PD symptom onset (years)	57.84 ± 9.75	59.90 ± 8.70	0.379
Age at PD diagnosis (years)	59.79 ± 9.03	60.32 ± 8.77	0.811
PD duration (months)	86.00 (10.00–361.00)	75.00 (18.00–174.00)	0.600
Hoehn–Yahr stage			0.401
1 (%)	3 (9.1%)	6 (19.4%)
2 (%)	19 (57.6%)	19 (61.3%)
3 (%)	10 (30.3%)	6 (19.4%)
4 (%)	1 (3.0%)	0 (0%)
5 (%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
UPDRS-III	24.00 (6.00–63.00)	25.00 (4.00–56.00)	0.925
UPDRS-IV	0.00 (0.00–9.00)	0.00 (0.00–7.00)	0.777
LEDD	755.50 (260.00–2050.00)	715.00 (100.00–1632.50)	0.224
Antidementiva medication intake	7 (21.2%)	7 (22.6%)	0.895
ApoE4 carriers	6 (18.2%)^a	3 (9.7%)^b	0.384
MoCA (max. 30 points)	25.00 (16.00–28.00)	25.00 (15.00–30.00)	0.419
SCI—number of impaired cognitive domains (max. 6 points)	3.00 (0.00–6.00)	3.00 (0.00–6.00)	0.888
BDI-II (max. 63 points)	9.00 (0.00–19.00)	8.00 (2.00–17.00)	0.499
GSE (max. 40 points)	30.13 ± 5.69	29.13 ± 5.43	0.481
PD-MCI subtype			0.164
Single-domain PD-MCI (%)	2 (6.1%)	0 (0%)
Multidomain PD-MCI (%)	31 (93.9%)	31 (100%)
Physiotherapy at baseline	22 (66.7%)	23 (74.2%)	0.510
Cognitive training previously	2 (6.1%)	4 (12.9%)	0.348
Self-reported activity level^c	2.00 (1.00–3.00)	2.00 (0.00–3.00)	0.125

The references of the neuropsychological and clinical assessments are obtainable from the authors upon request. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or median and range or frequency with percentages. For baseline comparison between groups, values of Mann–Whitney U tests, independent sample t-tests, or χ²-tests are reported as appropriate. PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; APOE, apolipoprotein E; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SCI, subjective cognitive impairment questionnaire; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II; GSE, General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; ^an = 32; ^bn = 28; ^cself-reported activity level: 0, “not at all active;” 1, “little active;” 2, “moderate active;” 3, “very active.”