Urinary Dysfunction Is Associated with Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Degeneration in Early and Untreated Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.

Variable	PD patients (n = 275)	Healthy controls (n = 149)	value
Age, years	60.96 ± 10.02	60.23 ± 11.45	0.750
Sex, Male %	64.7	65.1	0.939
PD duration	6.65 ± 6.38	—	—
Hoehn and Yahr stage	1.54 ± 0.51	—	—
MDS-UPDRS Part III	20.16 ± 9.03	—	—
RBDSQ	3.85 ± 2.53	2.78 ± 2.29	<0.001
GDS-15	1.97 ± 2.29	1.12 ± 2.06	<0.001
STAI State	31.39 ± 8.83	27.28 ± 7.78	<0.001
STAI Trait	30.91 ± 8.46	28.46 ± 7.17	0.002
ESS	5.78 ± 3.52	5.63 ± 3.47	0.745
MoCA	27.18 ± 2.32	28.28 ± 1.10	<0.001
UPSIT	22.75 ± 8.17	34.20 ± 5.04	<0.001
Storage symptoms (total)	3.02 ± 2.05	2.28 ± 1.46	<0.001
Urgency	0.40 ± 0.66	0.12 ± 0.33	<0.001
Urinary incontinence	0.27 ± 0.52	0.07 ± 0.25	<0.001
Frequency	1.05 ± 0.82	0.85 ± 0.69	0.019
Nocturia	1.31 ± 0.87	1.23 ± 0.84	0.469
Voiding symptoms (total)	0.87 ± 1.06	0.57 ± 0.89	0.002
Incomplete emptying	0.42 ± 0.63	0.27 ± 0.54	0.007
Weak stream of urine	0.44 ± 0.66	0.30 ± 0.54	0.027