Research Article
Clinical Features and Correlates of Poor Nighttime Sleepiness in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 1
Demographic and medication data of PD patients with or without PNS.
| | | PD (n = 110) | t/Z/χ2 | | | PD-PNS (n = 61) | PD-nPNS (n = 49) |
| | Age (y) | 66.57 ± 8.73 | 67.12 ± 7.63 | 1.458 | 0.622 | | Sex, female (%) | 29 (47.54) | 27 (55.1) | 0.838 | 0.360 | | Education (y) | 8.34 ± 1.16 | 9.11 ± 0.80 | 3.451 | 0.178 | | BMI | 23.00 ± 3.42 | 23.40 ± 3.34 | 0.471 | 0.275 | | Disease duration (m) | 48 (17–96) | 36 (12–51) | −1.698 | 0.116 | | Age of onset | 60.76 ± 10.18 | 61.85 ± 10.70 | −0.867 | 0.388 | | Family history | | | | | | PD family history | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | | ET family history | 1 (1.45%) | 0 (0) | — | — | | Phenotype | | | | | | TD | 16 (26.23%) | 14 (28.57%) | 0.835 | 0.659 | | AR | 25 (40.98%) | 16 (32.65%) | | | | Mixed | 20 (32.79%) | 19 (38.78%) | | | | H&Y (onstage) | 2 (1.5–3.0) | 2 (1.5–2.0) | −0.989 | 0.323 | | UPDRS-I | 10 (4–16) | 6 (3–7) | −2.742 | 0.006 | | UPDRS-III | 23 (14–41) | 12 (9–27) | −2.709 | 0.007 | | LED (mg) | 431.93 ± 219.76 | 466.48 ± 243.82 | 0.611 | 0.533 | | ESS (scores) | 5 (1–11.75) | 4.0 (1.0–8.0) | −1.458 | 0.145 | | RBD, case (%) | 22 (36.07) | 10 (20.43) | 2.948 | 0.086 | | RLS, case (%) | 20 (33.79) | 6 (12.24) | 6.420 | 0.011 | | HAMA (scores) | 3.5 (1–8) | 1 (0–5.25) | −2.452 | 0.014 | | HAMD (scores) | 4.5 (2.75–13) | 1.5 (0.75–6.25) | −3.651 | ≤0.001 | | PSQI global score | 13 (10–15) | 2 (1–4) | — | — | | PSQI components (scores) | | | | | | Subjective sleep quality | 2 (1–3) | 0 (0–0.25) | — | — | | Sleep latency | 2 (1–3) | 0 (0–1) | — | — | | Sleep duration | 3 (2–3) | 0 (0–0.25) | — | — | | Sleep efficiency | 3 (3–3) | 0 (0–0.25) | — | — | | Sleep disturbances | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | — | — | | Sleeping medication | 0 (0–0) | 2 (0–3) | — | — | | Daytime dysfunction | 3 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | — | — | | PSQI impact factors, case (%) | | | | | | Difficulty falling asleep | 37 (60.67) | 3 (6.12) | — | — | | Fragment sleep | 39 (63.94) | 7 (14.29) | — | — | | Increased nocturia | 30 (50.82) | 12 (24.49) | — | — | | Disturbance in respiration | 3 (4.92) | 0 (0) | — | — | | Cough or snoring | 13 (19.67) | 7 (14.29) | — | — | | Feeling cool | 2 (3.29) | 0 (0) | — | — | | Feeling hot | 10 (16.39) | 1 (2.04) | — | — | | Nightmares | 12 (19.67) | 6 (12.24) | — | — | | Pain | 11 (18.03) | 1 (2.04) | — | — |
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PD: Parkinson’s disease; PNS: poor nighttime sleep; PD-PNS: PD with poor nighttime sleep; PD-nPNS: PD without poor nighttime sleep; BMI: body mass index; ET: essential tremor; LED: daily levodopa-equivalent dose; TD: tremor-dominant subtype; AR: akinetic-rigid subtype; mixed: mixed subtype; H&Y: Hoehn–Yahr stage; UPDRS-I: united Parkinson’s disease ranking scale part-I; UPDRS III: united Parkinson’s disease ranking scale part- III; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ESS: Epworth sleepiness scale; RBD: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder; RLS: restless legs syndrome; HAMA: Hamilton’s anxiety scale; HAMD: Hamilton’s depression scale; aMann–Whitney test; bt-test; ; . |
