Clinical Features and Correlates of Poor Nighttime Sleepiness in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Demographic and medication data of PD-PNS and nPD-PNS groups.

	PD-PNS (n = 61)	nPD-PNS (n = 47)	Z value (χ^2)
Age (y)	66.57 ± 8.73	63.96 ± 10.51	2.503	0.209
Sex, female (%)	29 (47.54)	25 (53.19)	0.449	0.503
Education (y)	8.34 ± 1.16	9.46 ± 1.15	0.719	0.568
BMI	23.00 ± 3.42	23.52 ± 2.98	2.571	0.173
ESS (scores)	5 (1–11.75)	3 (1–9)	−1.644	0.100
RBD, case (%)	22 (36.07)	2 (4.3)	15.912	≤0.001
RLS, case (%)	20 (33.79)	3 (6.4)	11.344	0.001
HAMA (scores)	3.5 (1–8)	4 (2–8)	−0.473	0.636
HAMD (scores)	4.5 (2.75–13)	3 (2–6.25)	−2.275	0.023
PSQI global score	13 (10–15)	14 (11–17)	−1.833	0.067
PSQI components (scores)
Subjective sleep quality	2 (1–3)	3 (1–3)	−2.267	0.023
Sleep latency	2 (1–3)	3 (1–3)	−2.262	0.024
Sleep duration	3 (2-3)	3 (2–3)	−0.027	0.979
Sleep efficiency	3 (3–3)	3 (3–3)	−0.322	0.748
Sleep disturbances	1 (1–2)	1 (1–2)	−0.442	0.658
Sleep medication	0 (0–0)	2 (0–3)	−4.170	≤0.001
Daytime dysfunction	3 (1–3)	1 (1-2)	−2.347	0.019
PSQI impact factors, case (%)
Difficulty falling asleep	37 (60.67)	34 (72.3)	1.345	0.246
Fragment sleep	39 (63.94)	31 (66.0)	0.011	0.918
Nocturia increased,	30 (50.82)	14 (29.8)	4.447	0.035
Disturbance in respiration	3 (4.92)	3 (6.4)	0.095	0.758
Cough or snoring	13 (19.67)	3 (6.4)	0.22	0.639
Feeling cool	2 (3.29)	2 (4.3)	0.062	0.803
Feeling hot	10 (16.39)	4 (8.5)	1.542	0.241
Nightmares	12 (19.67)	1 (2.1)	7.887	0.005
Pain	11 (18.03)	0	9.604	0.002

PD: Parkinson’s disease; PNS: poor nighttime sleep; PD-PNS: PD with poor nighttime sleep; nPD-PNS: poor nighttime sleep without PD; BMI: body mass index; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; ESS: Epworth sleepiness scale; RBD: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder; RLS: restless legs syndrome; HAMA: Hamilton’s anxiety scale; HAMD: Hamilton’s depression scale. ^aMann–Whitney test; ^bt-test; ; .