Self-Management Education for Persons with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Care Partners: A Quasi-Experimental Case-Control Study in Clinical Practice

Table 2

Differences between and in persons with Parkinson’s disease before and after seven weeks of participation in the National Parkinson School (intervention group) and after seven weeks of ordinal care (control group).

		Intervention group (n = 48)	Control group (n = 44)	-value
Health status (PDQ-8)	Baseline	28.1 (17.2–39.1)	25 (12.5–37.5)	0.301
	Follow-up	23.4 (14.8–37.5)	23.4 (13.3–37.5)	0.713
	-value	0.028	0.644
Health valuation (EQ5D)	Baseline	0.87 (0.71–0.93)	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	0.473
	Follow-up	0.88 (0.78–0.93)	0.86 (0.79–0.91)	0.279
	-value	0.023	0.866
Health education impact (heiQ)
Health-directed activities	Baseline	3.25 (2.75–3.75)	3.25 (2.75–3.75)	0.865
	Follow-up	3.25 (2.75–3.75	3 (2.75–3.50)	0.344
	-value	0.323	0.437
Positive and active engagement in life	Baseline	2.8 (2.6–3.2)	3 (2.6–3.4)	0.088
	Follow-up	3 (2.8–3.2)	3 (2.6–3.4)	0.945
	-value	0.058	0.150
Emotional distress	Baseline	2 (1.5–2.67)	2.17 (1.83–2.67)	0.529
	Follow-up	2 (1.5–2.46)	1.83 (1.33–2.5)	0.536
	-value	0.436	0.020
Self-monitoring and insight	Baseline	2.83 (2.58–3.17)	3 (2.5–3.17)	0.445
	Follow-up	3 (2.71–3.17)	3 (2.67–3.17)	0.652
	-value	0.572	0.285
Constructive attitudes and approaches	Baseline	3 (2.6–3.2)	3 (2.8–3.6)	0.075
	Follow-up	3 (2.8–3.4)	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	0.971
	-value	0.003	0.845
Skills and techniques acquisition	Baseline	2.5 (2–2.75)	2.88 (2.5–3.19)	0.002
	Follow-up	3 (2.5–3)	2.75 (2.44–3)	0.463
	-value	<0.001	0.464
Social integration and support	Baseline	3 (2.4–3.6)	3 (2.8–3.4)	0.561
	Follow-up	3 (2.8–3.6)	3 (2.6–3.4)	0.389
	-value	0.110	0.324
Health service navigation	Baseline	2.9 (2.4–3.2)	3 (2.8–3.2)	0.112
	Follow-up	3 (2.6–3.6)	3 (2.8–3.4)	0.903
	-value	0.286	0.368
Life satisfaction (LiSat-11)
Life as a whole	Baseline	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.031
	Follow-up	4.5 (4–5)	4.5 (4–5)	0.868
	-value	0.117	0.011
Vocation	Baseline	4 (3–5)	4 (4–5)	0.078
	Follow-up	4 (4–5)	4.5 (4–5)	0.170
	-value	0.159	0.157
Economy	Baseline	5 (4–5)	5 (5–5)	0.077
	Follow-up	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.042
	-value	0.221	0.489
Leisure	Baseline	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.105
	Follow-up	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.889
	-value	1.000	0.028
Contacts	Baseline	5 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.472
	Follow-up	5 (4–5)	4 (4–5)	0.481
	-value	0.815	0.013
Sexual life	Baseline	3 (2–4)	3 (2–4)	0.314
	Follow-up	3 (2–4)	3 (2–5)	0.364
	-value	1.000	0.414
ADL	Baseline	5 (4–5)	5 (4–6)	0.289
	Follow-up	5 (4–5)	5 (4–6)	0.401
	-value	0.168	0.186
Family life	Baseline	5 (4–6)	5 (4–6)	0.203
	Follow-up	5 (4–6)	5 (5–6)	0.385
	-value	0.729	0.712
Partner relationship	Baseline	5 (4–6)	6 (4.5–6)	0.266
	Follow-up	5 (4.5–6)	5 (5–6)	0.841
	-value	0.696	0.244
Somatic health	Baseline	4 (3–4)	4 (4–5)	0.068
	Follow-up	4 (3–4)	4 (3–5)	0.930
	-value	0.263	0.054
Psychological health	Baseline	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.367
	Follow-up	4 (4–5)	5 (4–5)	0.088
	-value	0.442	0.536
Fatigue (PFS-16)	Baseline	28 (19–38.8)	32 (22–38)	0.814
	Follow-up	32 (20–38)	27 (16–40)	0.946
	-value	0.164	0.832

Data are median (q1-q3). Mann–Whitney U test for comparisons between intervention and control groups. Wilcoxon’s signed rank test for comparisons between baseline and follow-up within intervention and control groups. Possible scores, 0–100 (100 = worse health status). Possible scores, 0–1 (1 = better valued health state). Possible stages, 1–4 (4 = better; except for emotional well-being, where 1 = better). Possible scores, 1–6 (6 = higher life satisfaction). Possible scores, 0–64 (64 = more fatigue). PDQ-8: the eight-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; EQ5D: the five-dimensional EuroQol Questionnaire; heiQ: Health Education Impact Questionnaire; LiSat-11: the 11-item Life Satisfaction Checklist; PFS-16: the 16-item Parkinson Fatigue Scale.