Update on the Management of Parkinson’s Disease for General Neurologists

Table 1

Most frequently described nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease due to natural history of the disease or related to therapy [10–13].

Domain	Symptoms
Autonomic	Blood pressure variations with orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, urinary disturbances (such as urgency, frequency), nocturia, sexual dysfunction, hypersexuality (likely to be drug-induced), paroxysmal sweating, seborrhea, xerostomia (“dry eyes”), facial hyperemia, mydriasis, pallor
Gastrointestinal (partly related to dysautonomia)	Drooling of saliva, ageusia, dysphagia, constipation, fecal incontinence, eructation, meteorism
Sleep	REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), excessive daytime sleepiness, vivid dreams, insomnia, periodic limb movements (PLM), restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Neuropsychiatric	Cognitive impairment (including mild cognitive impairment and dementia), depression, anhedonia, apathy, anxiety, panic attacks, delirium, hallucinations, illusions, delusions, impulse control disorder (ICD), dopaminergic dysregulation syndrome, dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS)
Sensory	Pain, olfactory disturbance, blurred vision, visual discrimination deficits (also related to neurocognitive impairment)
Miscellaneous	Fatigue, diplopia, weight loss or weight gain (often drug- and evolution-related)

Note: this list is not exhaustive. Abbreviations are given for terms that are often used in the abbreviated form.