Ultrasonographic Changes in Brain Hemodynamics in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease: A Pilot Study

Figure 1

TCCS showing image of the midbrain in (a) and increased SN echogenicity areas (=hyperechogenicity) at the anatomical site of SN in a patient with Parkinson’s disease (the area circled in (b)). TCCS examination of intracranial vascular vascularity provided data on the middle cerebral artery (MCA) mean flow velocity (Vm), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI) of the MCA during rest (c) and after apnea test (“breath-holding test”) (d).

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