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| Case no. | Author, year | Age/sex | Comorbidities or past Hx/COVID-19 respiratory symptoms severity | Abnormal movements (side of predominance if reported) (days after COVID-19 onset or recovery) | MD-associated treatments/outcome |
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| 1 [5] | Mao et al., 2020 | N/A | NR | Ataxia (NR) | NR |
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| 2 [5] | Mao et al., 2020 | N/A | NR | Ataxia (NR) | NR |
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| 3 [10] | Yüksel et al., 2021 | 14/F | 11 y/o: Sydenham chorea—improved, no activity during past 2 years/nonsevere | Sydenham chorea (3 d.a.o) | Carbamazepine/improvement in 7 days |
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| 4 [11] | Méndez-Guerrero et al., 2020 | 58/M | HTN, DLP/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Generalized myoclonus, opsoclonus, asymmetric hypokinetic-rigid syndrome w/ocular abnormalities (33 d.a.o) | -/significant improvement in tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia |
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| 5 [12] | Cunha et al., 2020 | 51/M | Disc herniation/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Action tremor (POR) (38 d.a.o) | NR |
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| 6 [12] | Cunha et al., 2020 | 67/M | HTN, poliomyelitis/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action tremor of upper and lower limbs, orthostatic tremor, cortical and subcortical myoclonus (62 d.a.o) | NR |
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| 7 [12] | Cunha et al., 2020 | 34/M | Hepatitis B (healed), typhoid/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action tremor of upper and lower limbs (44 d.a.o) | NR |
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| 8 [12] | Cunha et al., 2020) | 66/F | HTN, ESRD/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Jerky tremor of the upper limbs, cortical and subcortical myoclonus (59 d.a.o) | NR |
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| 9 [12] | Cunha et al., 2020 | 48/M | HTN, obesity/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action tremor of upper limb (65) | NR |
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| 10 [13] | Shah et al., 2021 | Middle-aged/M | NR/NR | Opsoclonus, cortical myoclonus, and symmetric cerebellar ataxia of speech, limbs, trunk, and gait (21 d.a.r) | IV methylprednisolone, sodium valproate, clonazepam, and levetiracetam/recovered in a week |
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| 11 [14] | Wright et al., 2020 | 79/M | Asbestosis, nondisabling stroke, mild cognitive impairment, T2DM, HTN, and prostatic hypertrophy/mild | Encephalopathy, gait ataxia (8 d.a.o), opsoclonus w/o myoclonus (13 d.a.o) | -/opsoclonus resolved, encephalopathy progressed, and the patient eventually died (43 d.a.o) |
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| 12 [15] | Roy et al., 2021 | 60/M | HTN, DM, HCL/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Encephalopathy, hypokinetic-rigid state (soon after infection symptoms onset) | Modafinil, carbidopa/levodopa/continuous improvement |
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| 13 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 47/M | HTN, DM, morbid obesity, obstructive sleep apnea/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Generalized, stimulus-induced myoclonus (4 d.a.o) | Ketamine, dexmedetomidine/myoclonus resolved, but the patient ultimately died due to COVID-19 complications |
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| 14 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 28/M | DM, HLP/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Generalized, stimulus-induced myoclonus (3 d.a.o) | Lorazepam, midazolam, dexmedetomidine/resolved |
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| 15 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 73/M | HTN, DM, CKD (stage 3)/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Torso and upper extremities, stimulus-induced myoclonus (9 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam/resolved |
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| 16 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 64/M | HTN/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Upper extremities, stimulus-induced myoclonus (9 d.a.o) | Dexmedetomidine/resolved |
| 17 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 66/M | HTN, DM, obesity/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Upper extremities and face, spontaneous myoclonus (2 d.a.o) | Dexmedetomidine/resolved |
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| 18 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 72/M | DM/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Generalized, multifocal, stimulus-induced myoclonus (7 d.a.o) | Valproic acid, levetiracetam, lorazepam, dexmedetomidine/continued, but improved myoclonus |
| 19 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 62/M | HTN/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Generalized, stimulus-induced myoclonus (7 d.a.o) | Valproic acid, primidone, clonazepam, lorazepam/resolved |
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| 20 [16] | Anand et al., 2020 | 71/M | HTN, CKD (stage 2)/nonsevere | Generalized, action-induced; lingual myoclonus, gait disturbance (7 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam, valproic acid/resolved |
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| 21 [17] | Rábano-Suárez et al., 2020 | 63/M | Generalized anxiety disorder/nonsevere, but required ICU admission due to a myoclonic storm | Asynchronous generalized myoclonus (face and limbs), worsening with action and auditory/tactile stimuli (9 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam, valproic acid, clonazepam/scarce improvement |
| Methylprednisolone/slight improvement |
| PLEX after myoclonus worsened again/improvement |
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| 22 [17] | Rábano-Suárez et al., 2020 | 88/F | HTN, hypothyroidism, nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, mild cognitive decline, no Hx of MDs | Generalized myoclonus, similar to case no. 22, but milder (∼21 d.a.o) | Methylprednisolone/resolved |
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| 23 [17] | Rábano-Suárez et al., 2020 | 76/M | -/nonsevere | Generalized myoclonus, similar to case no. 22, but milder (11 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam, clonazepam/no benefit- spontaneous progressive improvement after two weeks |
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| 24 [18] | Piscitelli et al., 2020 | 39/F | -/nonsevere | Lower limb tremor, abnormal movements at rest and while sitting or walking (functional) (7 d.a.o) | Benzodiazepines/no significant improvement, spontaneous gradual resolution later on |
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| 25 [19] | Hewan et al., 2021 | 57/F | Morbid obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and schizoaffective disorder (for which she was taking valproic acid)/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Mental status deterioration, myoclonus in all extremities and upper torso that occurred spontaneously at rest and would intensify upon passive movements (∼26 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam, clonazepam/no significant improvement |
| Ketamine was added/myoclonus improved but she was heavily sedated/ myoclonus returned after ketamine was halted |
| Methylprednisolone/recovery |
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| 26 [20] | Ros-Castelló et al., 2020 | 72/F | HTN, asthma/severe: Rq. ICU and oxygen therapy | Progressively disabling myoclonus in upper limbs and negative myoclonus in lower limbs (leading to falls; ∼30 d.a.o) | Low-dose clonazepam/resolved |
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| 27 [21] | Faber et al., 2020 | 35/F | Unremarkable/mild | Akinetic-rigid parkinsonism (10 d.a.o) (Parkinson’s disease rating scale part III score: 49) | Levodopa/benserazide/significant improvement (Parkinson’s disease rating scale part III score: 32) |
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| 28 [22] | Werner et al., 2021 | 62/M | Unremarkable/nonsevere | Cerebellar syndrome with slightly scanning speech and limb, truncal, and gait ataxia (16 d.a.o) (SARA ataxia score: 14) | High-dose methylprednisolone/gradual improvement (SARA 6 days after treatment: 5, and SARA 4 months after treatment: 1) |
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| 29 [23] | Urrea-Mendoza et al., 2021 | 32/M | -/nonsevere | Opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia (12 d.a.o) | Clonazepam, divalproex, oral methylprednisolone/substantial improvement |
| 30 [24] | El Otmani et al., 2021 | 59/M | Recent under control DM/asymptomatic | Generalized myoclonus in torso, limbs, face, tongue, and larynx, intensified by movement and acoustic stimuli (not clear, but likely a close temporal association was present) | Levetiracetam/no improvement |
| Veinoglobulins/only slight improvement |
| Methylprednisolone/rapid, substantial improvement |
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| 31 [25] | Chan et al., 2021 | 44/M | -/nonsevere | Spontaneous, action-induced, posture-induced, and tactile stimuli sensitive myoclonus in the face, upper extremities, and lower extremities, wide-based, ataxic gait (12 d.a.o) | Methylprednisolone/partial improvement of spontaneous myoclonus; action-induced myoclonus persisted |
| Clonazepam/partial improvement |
| Levetiracetam/major improvement, discharged |
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| 32 [26] | Chaumont et al., 2020 | 62/M | HTN, DM/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action myoclonus in upper limbs, ataxia (∼19 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/partial improvement of other non-MD-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms; myoclonus and ataxia persisted 3 weeks after discharge (final outcome NR) |
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| 33 [26] | Chaumont et al., 2020 | 72/M | HTN, DM, obesity, urothelial carcinoma in remission/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action myoclonus in upper limbs, ataxia (∼34 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/partial improvement of other non-MD-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms; myoclonus and ataxia persisted 3 weeks after discharge (final outcome NR) |
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| 34 [26] | Chaumont et al., 2020 | 50/M | DM/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action myoclonus in upper limbs, ataxia (∼48 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/partial improvement of other non-MD-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms; myoclonus and ataxia persisted 3 weeks after discharge (final outcome NR) |
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| 35 [26] | Chaumont et al., 2020 | 66/M | Obstructive sleep apnea/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Postural and action myoclonus in upper limbs, ataxia (∼40 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/partial improvement of other non-MD-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms; myoclonus and ataxia persisted 3 weeks after discharge (final outcome NR) |
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| 36 [27] | Delorme et al., 2020 | 72/M | NR/nonsevere | Upper limbs myoclonus, and cerebellar ataxia (15 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/resolved |
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| 37 [28] | Dijkstra et al., 2020 | 44/M | Unremarkable/mild | Action‐induced myoclonic jerks in the face, arms, and trunk, intensified by tactile and acoustic stimuli, stuttering speech, prominent gait ataxia (∼14 d.a.o) | Methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin/gradually resolved within 2 months |
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| 38 [29] | Grimaldi et al., 2020 | 72/M | One episode of transient global amnesia (10 years ago)/nonsevere | Upper and lower limbs and trunk action tremor, ataxia, action- and stimuli-induced diffuse (but worse in proximal limbs) myoclonus (17 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/no significant improvement |
| Intravenous methylprednisolone/considerable improvement |
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| 39 [30] | Sanguinetti et al., 2021 | 57/M | HTN, T2DM, DLP/nonsevere | Action-induced myoclonus in upper and lower extremities, opsoclonus, gait ataxia (at least 5 d.a.o) | Clonazepam, methylprednisolone/improved |
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| 40 [31] | Schellekens et al., 2020 | 48/M | Asymptomatic HIV+ with normal CD4+ T-cell count/nonsevere | Generalized myoclonus in trunk and limbs, present at rest but worsening both posturally and with action, cerebellar ataxia of arms and legs, and an ataxic gait (13 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam/improved |
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| 41 [32] | Borroni et al., 2020 | 54/F | HTN/nonsevere | Posture-induced myoclonus in diaphragm and left extremities (∼14 d.a.o) | Clonazepam/significant improvement |
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| 42 [32] | Borroni et al., 2020 | 80/M | -/nonsevere | Diaphragmatic myoclonus (23 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam/resolved |
| 43 [33] | Khoo et al., 2020 | 65/F | Alzheimer’s disease, osteoarthritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease/nonsevere | Upper and lower limbs, face, and tongue myoclonus, induced by tactile, visual, and auditory stimuli (7 d.a.o) | Levetiracetam, clonazepam/partial improvement |
| Intravenous methylprednisolone/progressive improvement—discharged after 10 days |
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| 44 [34] | Muccioli et al., 2020 | 58/M | HTN/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Multifocal myoclonus induced by action and tactile stimuli (at least 23 d.a.o) | Clonazepam, levetiracetam/significant improvement within 5 days |
| 45 [35] | Ashraf et al., 2020 | 26/F | Obesity, asthma, PTSD, depression/asymptomatic | Right limb ataxia, ataxic gait (N/A) | Aspirin, clopidogrel, statin (for ischemic stroke)/NR |
| 46 [36] | Balestrino et al., 2020 | 73/M | HTN, T2DM/nonsevere | Ataxic gait (at onset) | No additional treatment other than antiviral agents/resolved within 6 weeks |
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| 47 [27] | Delorme et al., 2020 | 60/F | Temporal lobe epilepsy (hippocampal sclerosis)/nonsevere | Limbs and gait ataxia (at onset) | Corticosteroid pulse therapy/resolved |
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| 48 [37] | Diezma-Martín et al., 2020 | 70/M | COPD/mild | Ataxia/tremor of voice, extremities, and gait, orthostatic tremor (17 d.a.o) | Clonazepam/slightly improved- discharged and continuously improved |
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| 49 [38] | Fadakar et al., 2020 | 47/M | -/nonsevere | Ataxia of extremities, gait, and trunk (3 d.a.o) | No additional treatment other than antiviral agents/significant improvement within two weeks |
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| 50 [39] | Fernández-Domínguez et al., 2020 | 74/F | HTN, follicular lymphoma/nonsevere | Gait ataxia (12–15 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/improvement |
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| 51 [40] | Gutiérrez-Ortiz et al., 2020 | 50/M | Asthma/nonsevere | Gait ataxia (3 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/resolved within two weeks |
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| 52 [41] | Hayashi et al., 2020 | 75/M | Alzheimer’s disease/nonsevere | Ataxia of limbs and gait (at onset) | -/resolved after 2 days |
| 53 [42] | Kopscik et al., 2020 | 31/M | -/nonsevere | Ataxia of limbs and gait (at onset) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/improvement |
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| 54 [43] | Lahiri et al., 2020 | 72/M | NR/NR | Ataxia (at onset) | NR/NR |
| 55 [44] | Lantos et al., 2020 | 36/M | Remote strabismus/nonsevere | Gait ataxia (4 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/improvement |
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| 56 [45] | Lowery et al., 2020 | 45/M | HTN, DLP, Crohn’s disease/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Gait ataxia (14 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/delayed improvement |
| 57 [46] | Manganotti et al., 2021 | 49/F | NR/nonsevere | Ataxia of limbs (14 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/improvement |
| 58 [47] | Manganotti et al., 2021 | 50/F | -/nonsevere | Ataxia of gait and left upper limb (16 d.a.o) | Intravenous immunoglobulin/resolved |
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| 59 [48] | Perrin et al., 2021 | 64/M | HTN, DM, DLP, ESRD, sleep apnea, smoker/nonsevere | Ataxia (13 d.a.o) | Dexamethasone/improvement (followed by relapse) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin/rapid improvement |
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| 60 [48] | Perrin et al., 2021 | 53/F | -/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Ataxia (NR, after extubation) | -/Spontaneous and gradual improvements 7 days later |
| 61 [48] | Perrin et al., 2021 | 51/M | -/severe: Rq. ICU & MV | Ataxia (NR, after extubation) | -/Spontaneous and gradual improvements |
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| 62 [48] | Perrin et al., 2021 | 67/M | Kidney transplantation recipient (C3 glomerulopathy)/nonsevere | Ataxia (11 d.a.o) | Methylprednisolone/rapid improvement |
| 63 [49] | Povlow et al., 2021 | 30/M | -/nonsevere | Ataxia of gait and extremities (at onset) | -/partial improvement within 10 days of hospitalization |
| 64 [50] | Sartoretti et al., 2020 | 60/M | HTN, asthma/nonsevere | Ataxia (17 d.a.o) | Aspirin, atorvastatin (for ischemic stroke)/NR |
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