Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: Risk Factors, Their Interactions, and Associated Nonmotor Symptoms
Table 1
Subject characteristics in relation to freezing of gait.
Variable demographics
FOG+
FOG−
value
n
64
100
Male (n, %)
45 (70%)
67 (67%)
0.66
Age (y, SD)
74.0 (10.0)
70.8 (9.7)
0.02
Age at PD onset (y, SD)
61.8 (12.1)
63.9 (11.0)
0.86
PD duration (y, SD)
12.1 (5.9)
6.9 (5.1)
<0.0001
Duration of L-Dopa Rx
8.7 (5.5)
3.8 (4.1)
<0.0001
Motor subtype (n, %)
Tremor-predominant
5 (7%)
47 (47%)
<0.0001
Indeterminate
2 (3%)
10 (10%)
PIGD
57 (89%)
43 (43%)
Modified H/Y St. 1–2.5 (n, %)
28 (44%)
77 (77%)
<0.0001
Modified H/Y St. 3–5 (n, %)
36 (56%)
23 (23%)
≥1 fall in past month (n, %)
36 (56%)
19 (19%)
<0.0001
MDS-UPDRS Subscale scores
Pt. I: Nonmotor EDL
10.2 (4.5)
6.5 (4.0)
<0.0001
Nonmotor EDL score >7
47 (73%)
37 (37%)
<0.0001
Pt II: Motor EDL
19.4 (8.4)
10.8 (7.0)
<0.0001
Pt. III: Motor exam
39.5 (11.3)
31.3 (13.9)
<0.0001
Bradykinesia score
17.0 (4.9)
13.9 (5.9)
0.0002
Rigidity score
8.5 (3.1)
7.7 (3.7)
0.07
Tremor score
2.7 (4.1)
4.8 (4.6)
1.0
PIGD score
9.7 (4.8)
3.8 (3.1)
<0.0001
Balance-gait score
6.6 (3.3)
3.5 (2.9)
<0.0001
Pt. IV: Motor complications
3.8 (3.9)
1.2 (2.4)
<0.0001
Dyskinesias > 0 (n, %)
32 (50%)
18 (18%)
<0.0001
Time in off state > 0 (n, %)
32 (50%)
24 (24%)
0.0006
Functional impact of motor
—
—
—
Fluctuations > 0 (n, %)
31 (48%)
18 (18%)
<0.0001
Complexity of Mot. Fluct > 0
32 (50%)
22 (22%)
0.0002
Sum of Mot. Fluct. scores
2.5 (2.9)
0.9 (1.8)
<0.0001
Cognition
Dementia (n, %)
19 (59%)
13 (13%)
0.009
Mild cognitive impairment or dementia (n, %)
48 (75%)
50 (50%)
0.001
Medications
LED (mg, SD)
973 (493)
575 (391)
<0.0001
LD doses/day (mean, SD)
4.8 (2.0)
3.1 (1.9)
<0.0001
Dopamine agonist (n, %)
30 (47%)
35 (35%)
0.13
MAO-B inhibitor (n, %)
28 (44%)
46 (46%)
0.85
Amantadine (n, %)
12 (19%)
5 (5%)
0.005
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (n, %)
11 (18%)
9 (9%)
0.10
SSRI/SNRI (n, %)
16 (25%)
16 (16%)
0.18
FOG+ and FOG− reference patients with and without freezing of gait, respectively. H/Y St: Hoehn and Yahr Stage; EDL: experiences of Daily Living; Mot. Fluct: motor fluctuations; LED: levodopa equivalent dose; LD: levodopa; MDS-UPDRS subscale scores are listed as mean (SD) and group scores as n (%).
