Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: Risk Factors, Their Interactions, and Associated Nonmotor Symptoms

Table 3

Clinical variables with high predictive accuracy for freezing of gait using univariate logistic regression analysis.

OR estimates
Effect	Point estimate	95% confidence limits		R^2	value
PIGD phenotype	10.79	4.48	26.00	0.18	<0.0001
MDS-UPDRS Bal-Gait score^1	1.33	1.20	1.49	0.15	<0.0001
LED^2	1.24	1.14	1.36	0.14	<0.0001
MDS-UPDRS motor complications score	1.30	1.16	1.47	0.11	<0.0001
Disease duration	1.18	1.11	1.26	0.14	<0.0001
Cognitive impairment^3	3.00	1.51	5.97	0.05	0.001
Psychosis	4.07	1.55	10.64	0.04	0.003
Urinary problems	3.27	1.68	6.37	0.06	0.0003

ORs indicate the increase in odds for FOG resulting from a one-unit change in effect parameters: 1 rating point for an MDS-UPDRS rating scale score, or from 0 to 1 (effect absent to effect present), e.g., for cognitive impairment. For example, for a one-unit increase in the MDS-UPDRS Bal-Gait score, there is a 33% increase in the odds of developing freezing. ¹The Balance-Gait score: the MDS-UPDRS PIGD score minus the freezing score. ²Levodopa equivalent dose (100 mg units). ³MCI or dementia.