Progression of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease by Sex and Motor Laterality

Figure 1

Prevalence of NMS at onset, categorized by sex. NMS mean scores were categorized by sex of participant (female (F) or male (M)) for Parkinson’s disease (PD), SWEDD (SD), and healthy controls (HC). NMS scales analyzed are displayed A through Q indicating the score range in the title. Higher number indicates more dysfunction except for MoCA Cognition (J) and USPIT Olfaction (O). Pairwise differences within the cohort (females vs. males) were evaluated with independent-samples Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Differences between cohorts (HC vs. PD vs. SWEDD) for each sex were evaluated using the independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test. Statistical differences within cohorts (females (v) males) are indicated by an asterisk . Post hoc analyses signifying differences between the HC, PD, and SWEDD cohorts are indicated for females (F) and males (M) as a = HC versus PD, b = HC versus SWEDD, and c = PD versus SWEDD. .

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