Progression of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease by Sex and Motor Laterality

Figure 3

Prevalence of NMS at onset, categorized by laterality of motor symptoms. NMS mean scores were categorized by laterality of motor symptom onset (left (L) or right (R)) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and SWEDD (SD) along with healthy controls (HC). NMS analyzed are displayed A through Q indicating the score range in the title. Higher number indicates more dysfunction except for MoCA Cognition (J) and USPIT Olfaction (O). Pairwise differences within cohorts (left vs. right) were examined using the nonparametric independent-samples Mann–Whitney U test. Overall differences between cohorts (HC vs. PD vs. SWEDD) were evaluated using the nonparametric independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test. Post hoc analyses signifying differences between the HC, PD, and SWEDD cohorts are indicated as a = HC versus PD, b = HC versus SWEDD, and c = PD versus SWEDD. .

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