Research Article
Progression of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease by Sex and Motor Laterality
| | | Healthy controls (n = 241) | Parkinson’s disease (n = 489) | SWEDD (n = 81) |
| | Age at study entry (mean ± SD) | 60.3 ± 11.2 | 61.1 ± 9.7 | 60.4 ± 9.9 | | Age at disease onset (mean ± SD) | — | 59.7 ± 10.0 | 58.7 ± 10.4 |
| | Gender | n (%) | | Female | 84 (34.9) | 175 (35.8) | 35.8 (29) | | Male | 157 (65.1) | 314 (64.2) | 64.2 (52) |
| | Ethnicity | n (%) | | Caucasian | 226 (90.8) | 459 (90.9) | 78 (92.9) | | African American | 12 (4.8) | 7 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | | Hispanic | 7 (2.8) | 10 (2.0) | 2 (2.4) | | Asian | 1 (0.4) | 14 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | | Indian/Alaska native | 1 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | | Not specified | 2 (0.8) | 11 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) |
| | Handedness | n (%) | | Left | 24 (12) | 40 (9.3) | 10 (15.2) | | Right | 165 (82.5) | 380 (88.2) | 53 (80.3) | | Ambidextrous | 11 (5.5) | 11 (2.6) | 3 (4.5) |
| | Laterality of motor predominance | n (%) | | Female | | Left | — | 75 (50.3) | 4 (16.7) | | Right | — | 73 (49.0) | 19 (79.2) | | Bilateral | — | 1 (0.7) | 1 (4.2) | | Male | | Left | — | 107 (37.9) | 12 (28.6) | | Right | — | 165 (58.5) | 26 (61.9) | | Bilateral | — | 10 (3.5) | 4 (9.5) |
| | Hoehn and Yahr stage | n (%) | | Stage 0 | 196 (99.0) | 0 | 0 | | Stage I | 2 (1.0) | 187 (43.5) | 38 (57.6) | | Stage II | 0 | 241 (56.0) | 27 (40.9) | | Stage III | 0 | 2 (0.5) | 1 (1.5) |
|
|
Demographic data for all subjects. SWEDD = scans without evidence of dopaminergic degeneration.
|
