Off Time Independently Affects Quality of Life in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease (APD) Patients but Not in Non-APD Patients: Results from the Self-Reported Japanese Quality-of-Life Survey of Parkinson’s Disease (JAQPAD) Study

Table 1

Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics.

	Patients		value
	Non-APD; n = 864	APD; n = 1599
Patient demographics
Age, years, mean (SD)	71.2 (7.6)	70.5 (7.8)	0.0166
<65, n (%)	143 (16.6)	310 (19.4)	0.0835
≥65, n (%)	718 (83.1)	1284 (80.3)
Sex, female, n (%)	433 (50.1)	946 (59.2)	<0.0001
Medical history
Age at PD diagnosis, years, mean (SD)	63.6 (9.1)	58.6 (10.0)	<0.0001
Duration of PD, years, mean (SD)	7.6 (5.9)	11.9 (6.9)	<0.0001
H&Y stage, n (%)
1	85 (9.8)	37 (2.3)	<0.0001
2	139 (16.1)	123 (7.7)
3	301 (34.8)	682 (42.7)
4	74 (8.6)	303 (18.9)
5	16 (1.9)	73 (4.6)
Working status, n (%)
Full-time	42 (4.9)	44 (2.8)	<0.0001
Part-time	33 (3.8)	30 (1.9)
Other (e.g., on leave from work)	26 (3.0)	51 (3.2)
Student	2 (0.2)	0 (0.0)
Housewife/househusband	272 (31.5)	560 (35.0)
Seeking a job/unemployed	9 (1.0)	35 (2.2)
Retired	338 (39.1)	533 (33.3)
Other	131 (15.2)	324 (20.3)
PD treatment
Use of oral medication, n (%)	864 (100.0)	1599 (100.0)
Number of oral medications a day, mean (SD)	3.2 (1.0)	4.7 (1.6)	<0.0001
Number of oral levodopa medications a day, mean (SD)	2.7 (1.0)	4.4 (1.7)	<0.0001
Number of oral medication types, mean (SD)	3.7 (2.2)	4.8 (2.6)	<0.0001
Use of device-aided therapy, n (%)
DBS	60 (6.9)	164 (10.3)	0.0039
LCIG	5 (0.6)	17 (1.1)	0.2016
PD symptoms
Duration of off time, hours/day, mean (SD)	0.3 (0.5)	3.2 (2.5)	<0.0001
Duration of troublesome dyskinesia, hours/day, mean (SD)	0.1 (0.2)	1.3 (2.0)	<0.0001
Presence of WO according to WOQ-9, n (%)	358 (44.6)	1037 (76.8)	<0.0001
NMSQ-TS, mean (SD)	12.8 (5.6)	16.2 (5.6)	<0.0001
SE-ADL, mean (SD)	74.4 (18.8)	61.8 (20.0)	<0.0001
PDQ-8 SI, mean (SD)	26.9 (18.3)	39.2 (20.5)	<0.0001
EQ-5D-5L-SI, mean (SD)	0.639 (0.200)	0.500 (0.201)	<0.0001
EQ-VAS, mean (SD)	66.3 (17.8)	56.6 (18.4)	<0.0001

Unknown/missing data are not listed. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion is not approved in Japan. APD: advanced Parkinson’s disease; DBS: deep brain stimulation; EQ-5D-5L-SI: European Quality-of-Life 5-Dimension, 5-Level Version Questionnaire Summary Index; EQ-VAS: European Quality-of-Life–Visual Analogue Scale; H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr; LCIG: levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel; NMSQ-TS: Nonmotor Symptoms Questionnaire Total Score; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PDQ-8 SI: 8-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire Summary Index; SD: standard deviation; SE-ADL: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living; WO: wearing-off; WOQ-9: 9-item Wearing-Off Questionnaire.