Low Vital Capacity and Electrocardiographic ST-T Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Adults

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of subjects according to %PFVC quartiles.

	Total	Q1 (highest)	Q2	Q3	Q4 (lowest)	𝑃 values
𝑛	1,653	412	413	414	414
Men, 𝑛 (%)	1,014 (61.3)	205 (49.8)	248 (60.0)	273 (65.9)	288 (69.6)	<0.0001
Age, y	58.2±8.6	58.6±8.6	57.3±8.3	58.3±8.5	58.6±8.9	0.12
BMI, kg/m^2	23.3±3.1	22.8±2.6	23.1±3.0	23.3±3.0	23.9±3.1	<0.0001
Waist circumference, cm	82.3±8.5	80.5±7.5	81.8±8.56	82.6±8.3	84.3±9.2	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	123±19.0	120±17.9	123±18.1	124±19.6	127±19.9	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	76.9±12.6	74.3±12.2	77.4±12.1	77.5±12.7	78.6±12.8	<0.0001
Triglyceride, mg/dL	96 (69–138)	84 (63–120)	90 (66–133)	103 (74–142)	107 (74–155)	<0.0001
HDL-C, mg/dL	62.0±15.3	64.8±15.1	62.2±15.3	61.5±15.5	59.4±15.1	<0.0001
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL	102±18.5	99.8±16.2	101±16.2	103±18.6	106±22.1	<0.0001
HbA1c, % (NGSP)	5.4±0.6	5.3±0.6	5.3±0.5	5.4±0.6	5.5±0.7	<0.0001
CRP, mg/L	0.51 (0.30–0.80)	0.44 (0.30–0.60)	0.49 (0.30–0.70)	0.54 (0.30–0.90)	0.60 (0.30–1.00)	<0.0001
FVC, mL	3,133±763	3,500±834	3,274±729	3,046±661	2713±574	<0.0001
FEV1, mL	2,496±618	2,761±645	2,605±593	2,442±559	2,176±513	<0.0001
%PFVC (range)	92.3 (55.6–138)	108 (99.7–138)	95.5 (91.9–99.6)	88.0 (84.3–91.8)	78.4 (55.6–84.2)	—
%PFEV1	89.1±13.4	103±10.3	91.9±7.7	85.3±7.3	76.0±9.9	<0.0001
FEV1/FVC ratio, %	79.9±6.8	79.2±5.7	79.8±6.4	80.3±6.6	80.2±8.1	0.11
ST-T abnormalities, 𝑛 (%)	73 (4.4)	11 (2.7)	13 (3.1)	18 (4.3)	31 (7.5)	0.003
Metabolic syndrome, 𝑛 (%)	298 (18.0)	51 (12.4)	58 (14.0)	80 (19.3)	109 (26.3)	<0.0001
Components of metabolic syndrome
Elevated waist circumference, 𝑛 (%)	515 (31.2)	111 (26.9)	119 (28.8)	129 (31.2)	156 (37.7)	0.006
Elevated blood pressures, 𝑛 (%)	690 (41.7)	134 (32.5)	163 (39.5)	186 (44.9)	207 (50.5)	<0.0001
Elevated triglyceride, 𝑛 (%)	342 (20.7)	61 (14.8)	78 (18.9)	94 (22.7)	109 (26.3)	0.0003
Low HDL-C, 𝑛 (%)	99 (6.0)	22 (5.3)	22 (5.3)	19 (4.6)	36 (8.7)	0.06
Elevated fasting plasma glucose, 𝑛 (%)	749 (45.3)	152 (36.9)	182 (44.0)	189 (45.7)	226 (54.6)	<0.0001
Diabetes, 𝑛 (%)	158 (9.6)	27 (6.5)	35 (8.5)	37 (8.9)	59 (14.3)	0.001
Medical history of
Stroke, 𝑛 (%)	29 (1.8)	9 (2.2)	2 (0.5)	7 (1.7)	11 (2.7)	0.10
Medications for
Hypertension, 𝑛 (%)	322 (19.5)	60 (14.6)	78 (18.9)	93 (22.5)	91 (22.0)	0.02
Hypercholesterolemia, 𝑛 (%)	202 (12.2)	48 (11.7)	43 (10.4)	58 (14.0)	53 (12.8)	0.43
Diabetes, 𝑛 (%)	63 (3.6)	10 (2.4)	13 (3.1)	12 (2.9)	24 (5.8)	0.04
Current smoker, 𝑛 (%)	382 (23.1)	94 (22.8)	86 (20.8)	92 (22.2)	110 (26.6)	0.24
Daily alcohol consumption, 𝑛 (%)	547 (33.1)	143 (34.7)	133 (32.2)	144 (34.9)	127 (30.7)	0.51
Regular exercise, 𝑛 (%)	599 (36.3)	155 (37.6)	144 (34.9)	161 (38.9)	139 (33.6)	0.37

Data are means ± SD. Triglyceride and CRP are expressed as medians and geometric means with interquartile range, respectively. %PFVC is expressed as means (range).
Regular exercise: ≥30 min exercise per session ≥2 days/week. Elevated waist circumference: ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. Elevated blood pressures: ≥130/85 mmHg. Elevated triglyceride: ≥150 mg/dL. Low HDL-C: <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women. Elevated fasting plasma glucose: ≥100 mg/dL.
^aProportion of T-wave abnormalities of all ST-T abnormalities in each quartile.
𝑃 values for continuous variables and categorical variables were determined with ANOVA and the χ ²-test, respectively.
BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP: C-reactive protein; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; %PFVC: percentage of predicted forced vital capacity; %PFEV₁: percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FEV₁/FVC: ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to observed forced vital capacity; NGSP: National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.